Journal of scientific - humanistic content of the Sciences and humanistic Faculty, University of El Salvador
Facultad de Ciencias y Humanidades. Universidad de El Salvador
Los autores continúan como propietarios de sus trabajos, cediendo de manera no exclusiva los derechos de difusión a la Revista Humanidades bajo los estándares de la Licencia Creative Commons Atribución No Comercial 4.0 Internacional (CC BY NC 4.0).
Aesthetics, politics, and dissent: A review of La rebelión de los sentidos by Ricardo Roque Baldovinos
La rebelión de los sentidos explores the intersections between art, politics, and subjectivity during El Salvador’s authoritarian modernization (1950–1980). This review aimed to provide a critical reading of the book, highlighting its main findings, narrative structure, and contributions to cultural history. Based on analytical reading and contextual review, five key themes were identified: urbanism, literature, theater, counterculture, and guerrilla cinema. Each chapter shows how aesthetic practices served as spaces of resistance or co-optation in the face of authoritarianism. Among the most significant findings is the author’s ability to interweave testimonies, political analysis, and literary language in a narrative that reveals both the possibilities and limitations of revolutionary art. The review concludes that the book is a valuable contribution to understanding the sensitive dimension of politics under repression and transformation. It also opens new paths for researching cultural history from an inter- and transdisciplinary perspective.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
General studies system, political parties: The formation of the organized student political thought at the University of El Salvador, 1963 to 19721
In this article we study the formation of the political thought organized at the University of El Salvador, from 1963 to 1972, through four thematic actors: General Studies System, Political parties, External and internal phenomena. Each of them has been investigated in depth in order to achieve a productive theoretical discussion.
The University Campus as social space during the university reform, 1963 and 1972
The article introduces the University Campus as a locality that had sociability spaces as cafeterias, halls, laboratories, student dormitories, basketball courts, a soccer field and classrooms. All those amenities and spaces were possibly thanks to the Reform of the 60s and the system of General Studies. Each of these places mentioned before, took a meaning based in the experiences, actions and thought that were share by the students inside the Campus. Some of the topics discussed by the students depended on where they were, whether these topics were related to their studies and politics of the moment, it was mostly discussed in the residencies and the General Studies classrooms; but if those topics were personal interest related, these were expressed in cafeterias and dining rooms, building an identity for the students themselves and the spaces were the meetings occurred. Among the results of the research, it is possible to analyze how the construction of the University Campus managed to amalgamate in one place all the Faculties and their students, giving them a space for the development of academic and recreational activities. Likewise, these spaces worked as a bridge for the relations of the students that possessed similar affinities like sports, politics, music that, among other topics, were the students’ main interests.
The historiography on the University of El Salvador for the period 1963-1995, first discussion.
The historiography on the University of El Salvador for the period 1963-1995 has been based on three analytical axes. The best known is of a memorial nature, with two variants: one that speaks of a “golden age” of the university and highlights the achievements of the reform, and another that presents a vision of “victimization”, both at the level of the institution and the university community, in the context of the civil conflict. The second focuses on the academic component of the process, giving priority to the rectorship of Fabio Castillo (1963-1967), although it sometimes extends to later years. The immediate objectives and achievements of the reform are studied, as well as the problems and weaknesses it faced. Finally, there are works focused on the political sphere that study political activity within the university, especially the political action of organized students and their link to the revolutionary insurgency. There is a need for studies that combine academic processes and politics.
La segunda mitad del siglo XX es un periodo determinante para la Universidad de El Salvador; muestra momentos halagüeños, de evidente desarrollo académico y en los que la comunidad universitaria se perfila como un sector con capacidades para aportar el desarrollo del país. Este escenario abarca desde finales de la década de 1940 hasta inicios de los setenta. Por el contrario, las últimas tres décadas del siglo se caracterizan por un acumulado de problemas internos y externos, que atentan contra la institución y que la sumen en una crisis que se prolongó más allá de la guerra civil
China and El Salvador. Insights on their Bilateral Relations
The essay explores essential elements for an introductory analysis of the bilateral relations between China and El Salvador, from its establishment in 2018 until the end of 2024; point where the period of study culminates. To do so, it starts from the background that favored the rapprochement between the two nations, beginning with the rupture of diplomatic relations with Taiwan and the subsequent establishment of official ties with the People’s Republic of China. In this context, it examines the agreements, treaties and donations established in Sino Salvadoran relations, their implementation until 2024 and a general description of the cooperation mechanisms established. Likewise, a critical balance is made between the benefits and risks involved in this new political-economic relationship between the two countries. The benefits include donations, the execution of infrastructure works and academic-cultural projects under development. As for the risks, the thesis of soft power is put forward as a strategy on the part of China to achieve political and economic ends with its allies through attraction rather than coercion in matters of culture and foreign policy. The essay concludes with a reflection on the risks involved in this alliance: how to take advantage of the immediate benefits without compromising El Salvador’s economic and political independence and anticipating excessive dependence in the long term.
Intellectuals and the Salvadoran Postwar: Transit and Reconfiguration
This article proposes a theoretical reflection on postwar, democratic transition, and the intellectual, aimed at contextualizing the Salvadoran intellectual field in the 1990s. It starts from the premise that the postwar period, following the 1992 Peace Accords, involved an incomplete democratic transition, marked by persistent structural and symbolic violences and by the absence of cultural policies that deepened collective trauma, particularly among subordinate sectors. In this context, there was a rupture in forms of political and cultural representation, giving rise to new critical sensibilities within intellectual and literary spheres. This conceptual reflection is illustrated through the analysis of the magazine Tendencias, which evidences the transformations of the intellectual field during this period. This work is the result of the research project “Main Debates of Salvadoran Intellectuals in the 1990s through the Magazine Tendencias” and constitutes a preliminary exercise to delimit the study’s central analytical categories.
Boundaries of the regional anthological field of Costa Rica (Guanacaste, San Ramon, and Puntarenas, 1983-2024)
This is a historiographical article that analyzes the formation of regional literary anthologies in three regions of Costa Rica: San Ramón (Canton of Alajuela) and the provinces of Guanacaste and Puntarenas. The period under study runs from 1983 to 2024 and is considered a corpus composed of sixteen anthologies. It was found that most of the compilations aim to gather the production of literary groups that operate in the regions. Prominent among these groups are the Centro Literario Guanacasteco, the Colectivo Poético Costeño of Puntarenas, and the Ceniza Huetar group from San Ramon. Other anthologies function to showcase representative panoramas of the local literary heritage and, in passing, affirm the cultural identity of the regions. It was concluded that one of the purposes of the anthologies is the desire to challenge the official canon, as some of the anthologists, particularly in Guanacaste, demand that local literatures have visibility at the national level.
Presentación Revista Humanidades nº 3, VI época
Las ciencias y las humanidades, en el contexto contemporáneo, coexisten como un conjunto de marcos conceptuales y saberes que se integran y complementan entre sí, generando un diálogo constante que enriquece el conocimiento. Este diálogo surge por la necesidad de abordar los problemas de la realidad, reconociendo su complejidad y multicausalidad. Dichos problemas ya no pueden ser discutidos desde una sola perspectiva; por el contrario, requieren la construcción de una red de conocimientos provenientes de diversas áreas, que se interconecten y ofrezcan comprensión más profunda, integrada y enriquecida de la realidad.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roxana María Galdámez Velásquez, Xenia María Pérez Oliva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Book Review Literature and Critical Thinking in Salvadoran Schools by Mauricio Aguilar Ciciliano
Contextualization and presentation of the book Aguilar Cicliano's text suggests that, in recent years, the teaching of literature has undergone a pedagogical shift. The conception of literature as an ideal of beauty and the transmission of aesthetic values underwent a drastic change with the reform of the educational curriculum in 1996-97, when it was renamed Language and Literature and its components were divided into three: language, literature, and expression.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The notion of law from marxism to thomism in Julio Fausto Fernández´´'s thought
This essay explores the philosophy of law of Salvadoran philosopher Julio Fausto Fernández, from his Marxist to his Thomistic position, based on a diagnosis of his historical context and the ideas expressed in his written works. Fernández represents the meeting point of three doctrines: Liberalism, Marxism, and Thomism. Therefore, his notion of law is presented from the perspective of Marxism and Thomism, contrasting both doctrines with the formal and factual liberal legal order that governed his historical context. It presents how Fernández’s migration is driven by theoretical gaps within Marxist philosophy that enable a flawed political practice, incapable of grounding values,including the most fundamental since his Thomistic period: human dignity. Furthermore, the essay highlights the theoretical contradictions Fernández encountered in his Marxist phase when addressing the notion of law. It also analyzes the influence of philosophers such as Toynbee, for whom conscience plays an essential role in historical development, without ignoring the influence of the historical changes taking place in the 20th century. On the other hand, it is evident how Fernández’s position on law from different doctrines impacts his critique of the liberal legal system, shifting from a radically negative stance to a more moderate one. Finally, the essay vindicates Fernández’s first yearnings for justice and his ultimate doctrinal position, and how they have been denied by the contemporary society that followed his lifetime.
Challenges of the complete works of Francisco Gavidia
Abstract This paper explains the difficulty in the organization of the complete works of Francisco Gavidia. Due to the amplitude of disciplinary fields that he addressed and the quantity of works that Gavidia undertook, the organization of his work required a titanic effort by his grandson, the SalvadoranGuatemalan philosopher, José Mata Gavidia. This paper presents how Mata Gavidia organized his grandfather’s works culminating in a publication proposal presented to Ricardo Trigueros de León, which was partially finalized years later. Before doing so, we will review some works in which we find an effort to propose a list of Gavidia’s texts, specifically, the four winning books of the 1965 National Literature Competition, as well as the catalog of Gavidia’s works available at the National Library of El Salvador and published in the journal Anaqueles in 1970. Finally, we will evaluate Mata Gavidia’s proposal in the context of an ongoing project on the Salvadoran writer’s work.
Experiences and perceptions of research professors at the Faculty of Sciences and Humanities of the University of El Salvador
Abstract This paper is based on a qualitative study complemented by a research with documents. This study made it possible to identify and interview professors from the Faculty of Sciences and Humanities of the University of El Salvador who have a career in both research and scientific dissemination. The principal objective was to know the experiences of academics in terms of their academic and scientific production through research, in addition to knowing their perceptions about how the Faculty of Sciences and Humanities manages research as a relevant activity in its work, what are the challenges research professor confronts in order to do their task, what are the main limitations, what opportunities the institution has made available to them, what recognitions and incentives they receive for dedicating part of their time to research and what actions still needed to be implemented to continue improving. In addition, a research with documents was carried out that allowed us to contrast what the theory says with respect to what was stated by the research professors, as well as the record that is housed in databases and repositories about the studies and publications of the research professor of the Faculty of Sciences and Humanities.
Subjectivity and Artificial Intelligence, their ambiguities and paradoxes: A reading from Lacanian psychoanalysis
This article presents the insights into Artificial Intelligence (AI) that have emerged in philosophy and Lacanian psychoanalysis in recent years, from phenomena such as the launch of ChatGPT It argues that AI reflects fears inherent to the human psychic makeup, as explained by psychoanalysis. It exposes the paradoxes and impasses that projects such as Blue Brain and Neuralink, which represent attempts to overcome the limitations of the human mind, entail. Along the same lines, it addresses AI as an attempt to overcome these limitations, arguing that, on the contrary, AI is incapable of overcoming them, on the one hand, and, on the other, is incapable of fully emulating the functioning of the human mind. The article closely follows the discussions developed by some philosophers and representatives of Lacanian psychoanalysis based on the categories specific to that field. Finally, it concludes that these disciplines shed light to the extent that they lead to questioning traditional notions of what it means to think and know reality.
An approach to the use of Artificial Intelligence in Contemporary History research
Introduction: The risks of the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) are discussed, reference is made to the need for historians to be aware of the possible uses of AI in their work and the objective is established: to offer researchers in contemporary history an overview of the possibilities that AI has opened up in the discipline. Results and discussion: starting from the link between computer science and historiographical research, the possibilities opened up by the latest technological advances are analysed and some of the most useful applications for the work of historians in the 21st century are discussed. Conclusions: We reflect on the usefulness of AI in historical research, placing value on its use to allow those who dedicate themselves to it to devote more time to creative work than to tedious and/or extremely repetitive work.
Anthropological and historical paradoxes in regard to territory and culture
This text, originally intended as a conference, aims to exemplify a series of paradoxes that social disciplines face, especially anthropology and history, when constructing their objects of study through concepts that link territory and culture. In this sense, referring to authors or certain academic currents allows us to reflect on the complexity of social research work without carrying out an anamnesis of the origin of said concepts. A work that should allow, without obviating the analytical and interpretative possibilities that can be used, to observe the task of the social disciplines from a critical perspective and to abandon any type of academic complacency.
Presentación Revista Humanidades No. 2, VI época
La irrupción de la inteligencia artificial en nuestra época marca un horizonte en el que nuevamente nos enfrentamos a un cuestionamiento sobre la razón de ser de los profesionales. Hace poco más de un siglo la fotografía generó revuelo entre los pintores. De la especulación sobre su sustitución por la fotografía emergieron las vanguardias, como renovación disruptiva del arte y la estética. La pintura de caballete sobrevivió a la aparición de la fotografía; la velocidad, la simpleza y la perfección de la imagen, que eran las marcas de la fotografía, no lograron imponerse sobre el colorido y la imaginación de los artistas. Su capacidad de pensar fuera de los parámetros de la perfección mimética, conjugada con la introspección y autorreflexión, posibilitó el nacimiento de movimientos como cubismo, el surrealismo, el futurismo, entre otros. La revolución estética de las vanguardias en un contexto de posible crisis en torno a la identidad y función de los pintores. Si bien la fotografía ofrecía una copia perfecta de retratos y paisajes, carecía de imaginación y sentimiento; en cambio las pinturas vanguardistas tenían en sí una parte del artista, un sello distintivo que las hacía valiosas. Con el tiempo, la fotografía dejaría de ser simplemente un avance tecnológico que amenazaba con sepultar el arte del retrato y el paisajismo, y se convertiría también en una forma de arte. Su técnica se humanizó y el fotógrafo pasó de ser el operario técnico de una herramienta a un artista en sí mismo.
Book review Stories of Civil War in El Salvador: a Battle Over Memory by Erik Ching
Based on a extensive review of memoirs and testimonies of the Salvadoran Civil War, the author of this book stablishes the existence of four clearly discernible memory communities, defined in terms of their narrative patterns and their interpretations of the armed conflict: civilian elites, military officers, guerrilla leaderships, and rankand- file combatants. Although this approach in not free of debatable aspects, Erik Ching’s work constitutes a formidable study on the narrative representations of the civil war and the formation of historical memory in El Salvador
Copyright (c) 2025 Mario Vázquez Olivera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
the Influence of Pop Culture of the Sixties and Seventies in the University Identity
Pop Culture is present within the University contracultural movements of the sixties and seventies. Mentioned in music (rock), fashion and finally, film criticism of the time. In this first part the musical problem is addressed: the Salvadoran bands, belonging to the “New Age”, are the first stage in which youth pop culture shines. Although these bands are not directly related to the emergence of the new Salvadoran left, in some songs they echo the concerns of the youth of the decade, such as the Vietnam War and the Salvadoran military governments. By the beginning of the seventies, at the University of El Salvador there was a break in the perception of cultural products from the United States, they were seen and labeled as “imperialist”: protest music took the lead in the social dynamics of the students. However, there were several alliances between popular youth rock groups and Salvadoran protest folk groups. Thus allowing elements of Hippie culture and the music of some American singers (Mostly the music of Bob Dylan) to sneak through the barrier that tried to keep them out
Copyright (c) 2025 Andrea María López Fernández https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Seduced by words and images, current cultural studies classify the opening of a “bourgeois public sphere” under military regime as anti-hegemonic discourse. The first section —“Public Sphere or Lettered City”— describes how this freedom of speech corresponds to a dialogue between civic society and State, which sponsors most artistic activities. The second segment —“New Anti-hegemonic Discourse”— sketches how renovation in the military repeats this unity between State and Public Sphere, judged as revolutionary. Finally, the third section —“Conjunction of Opposites”— concludes how the same radical images and statement serve to legitimize both sides of the political spectrum. The Specters (-Kujkul, Gespenst) of the past rule the writing of cultural history, that is to say, poetics or po- Ethics: the debt that living humans warrants to Dead Ancestors. The cultural legacy of the Right wing needs to be recycled on behalf of the Left, by its fear to be at the Sinister shield of the national Past. By this appropriation the living present is invested as an exemplary teacher of the deceased past, by showing Death the true content of its experience
Copyright (c) 2025 Lara Martínez Rafael https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of Hegel on the Reflective Thought of Francisco Gavidia and what the salvadoran people can learn from it.
Gavidia is maybe the most famous poet and writer in El Salvador’s entire history. However, is important to notice that for the huge number of texts that he leave as heritage, is not easy to access them. It seems that not even with all his fame it has been possible to popularized each one of all his writings, even the most relevant. This lack of reach means that much of what he wrote is unknown, and with it the message he wanted to convey to the population was lost. And it is precisely the most relevant part of this message the main objective that this essay aims to make known, but not before reviewing and contrasting it through the comparative method with a key influnece for the autor, that of the german philosopher Friedrich Hegel. It is in this presentation of main ideas and comparison between both, where it is intended to discover what Gavidia is trying to communicate and what benefit there may be for the population, since it makes no sense to affirm the importance of the poet in the country, without the majority of the salvadorans being able to recognize why
Copyright (c) 2025 Rafael Omar Maldonado Martínez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Francisco Gavidia’s historical theater and the paideia of the liberal nation
This paper explores the early theatrical production of Francisco Gavidia as part of a national paideia, that is, a comprehensive educational project that would allow the founding of a modern nation and overcome not only the burdens of the ancien régime, but also the limitations of the liberal modernization undertaken in El Salvador in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. To this end, he outlines this project and the polemical context in which it was enunciated. Following these clues, it presents a critical reading of the drama Jupiter (1889). This effort to carry out an exercise of cultural criticism integrates material from the author’s personal archive, which is housed under the name of Fondo Documental Francisco Gavidia (FDFG) in the section Colecciones Especiales of the Centro de Recursos para el Aprendizaje y la Investigación (CRAI) Florentino Idoate s.j. of the Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas
Copyright (c) 2025 Ricardo Roque Baldovinos https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
El conocimiento nuevo es el alimento de las nuevas generaciones y de las instituciones que guían el porvenir de las sociedades. En la ausencia del nuevo pensamiento y de los aportes intelectuales y académicos en las sociedades del presente, solo queda una suerte de consumismo enfermizo de pensamiento ajeno, enajenando de su realidad a los individuos. Razón que el aparecimiento de una nueva época de la Revista Humanidades debe de llenarnos de satisfacción y orgullo, pues la Universidad de El Salvador y nuestra Facultad de Ciencias y Humanidades demuestra que sus semillas del ayer son la vendimia de hoy. Los textos que se presentan a continuación son efectivamente el fruto de las redes intelectuales de los miembros de la Universidad, de las relaciones internacionales que se han nutrido con el tiempo desde la Facultad y de la riqueza que encontramos en nuestras aulas del siglo XXI
Copyright (c) 2025 José Alfredo Ramírez Fuentes https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
La publicación del número 1 de la Revista Humanidades VI Época, representa para la Facultad de Ciencias y Humanidades el retorno a la tradición del conocimiento humanista, con el propósito de consolidar espacios de divulgación y diálogo entre los distintos campos del conocimiento académico y científico, desde la filosofía y las ciencias del lenguaje, los estudios de la sociedad y la cultura; así como la técnica y el esplendor de la cuarta revolución industrial; aunque, por momentos, la incomprensión de este último acontecimiento, nos ha llevado a pensar que asistimos al final de la esencia humana. El encuentro de la memoria colectiva y la fragmentación de los recuerdos en la sociedad salvadoreña y la mundialización cultural, también forman parte de este nuevo episodio que protagonizamos en el presente; pero tener conciencia que “tenemos conciencia” de esta realidad, se convierte en un espacio en el que de forma genuina, la reivindicación del humanismo adquiere sentido, cuando nuestro trabajo intelectual integra el espíritu, la razón y la estética, porque desde este dispositivo de creación se produce la imaginación de lo posible, relativizando los artificios y lo artificial antihumanos. Aquel lejano mes de marzo de 1952, hace 73 años, se identifica el nacimiento de la Revista Humanidades, cuyo director fundador fue el Dr. Alberto Rivas Bonilla, mientras el Estado salvadoreño se refundaba después de la constituyente de 1948 y pareciera, a la luz de los hechos, que la historia de la cultura salvadoreña se partía en dos, ya que tres años después, en el año 1955 fallecería Francisco Gavidia y, como por designios fantásticos, también germina el origen de la generación comprometida, con el inicio del Círculo Literario Universitario, aquí en nuestra casa de estudios
Copyright (c) 2025 José Luis Escamilla Rivera https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
(Des)iguales y (des)conectados en América Latina
Bajo la coordinación de la doctora Daniela Monje y la edición de la licenciada Alina Fernández y la doctora Ana Laura Hidalgo, especialistas y profesoras de instituciones universitarias argentinas, el Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) nos ofrece un acercamiento al fenómeno de la desigualdad y desconexión digital en América Latina. Contiene las exposiciones de veintiséis profesionales de 10 países latinoamericanos, incluido El Salvador, sobre una gama de temáticas que van desde el derecho a la conectividad, la desigualdad, la exclusión, concentración mediática, hasta los esfuerzos indigenistas por el derecho a la comunicación desde la perspectiva alternativa.
Copyright (c) 2024 Moisés Guillermo Mejía Domínguez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mauricio Aguilar Ciciliano. Literatura y pensamiento crítico en la escuela salvadoreña. San Salvador, 2020
El texto de Aguilar-Cicliano, plantea que, en los últimos años, la enseñanza de la literatura ha sufrido un giro pedagógico. La concepción de la literatura como un ideal de belleza y transmisión de los valores estéticos sufrió un cambio drástico con la reforma a los planes educativos en 1996-97, cuando pasa a llamarse Lenguaje y Literatura y sus componentes se dividen en tres: lengua, literatura y expresión.
Copyright (c) 2024 luis Tobar Quintero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Breve bosquejo histórico de la Asociación Coordinadora de Comunidades Indígenas de El Salvador (ACCIES)
La Asociación Coordinadora de Comunidades Indígenas de El Salvador (ACCIES), nació en 1990 junto al proceso de los Acuerdos de Paz, como una organización indígena, gremial, apolítica, no gubernamental (ONG), sin fines de lucro, ni de religión. Surge orientada en fomentar la identidad cultural de los diferentes pueblos originales de Kushkatan, en especial por la protección, mantenimiento y conservación de la cultura nahua-pipil, en una lucha por la superación de los problemas de discriminación, exclusión social y pobreza en los que se encuentran en la actualidad los pueblos indígenas
Copyright (c) 2024 Fidel Flores Hernández https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
(De)Construyendo la Identidad Cultural a Través del Lenguaje
In this presentation, the author points out the role of language in the processes of transculturation, becoming a tool to erase the direct and affective links with the subaltern culture. The so-called international or modern languages such as English, Spanish, Russian, Chinese, Arabic and other European languages have played the role of killing languages throughout history, especially in the last 500 years, displacing the vernacular languages of the subjugated peoples in all social spheres. Given this reality, the author hypothesizes that the displaced native language is a key element in the recovery of the identity of indigenous peoples. The author refers to the Pipil language and culture of El Salvador to demonstrate how efforts to revitalize Nahuat-Pipil are contributing to the recovery of ethnic pride and the revaluation of indigenousness
Copyright (c) 2024 Jorge E. Lemus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
La Tultekáyut y las Humanidades en El Salvador Bicentenario
En sentido literal, etimológico, esta palabra significa toltequidad, la pertenencia a la ciudad de Tula o Tólan; y en un panorama más amplio, abarca la sabiduría tolteca, la de los habitantes de la ciudad capital del Reino de Quetzalcóatl, en el náhuatl mexica, o de Ketzalkúat, en la cultura pipilkuskateca, o Kukulkán o Gucumatz, en las etnias mayas. Tultekáyut es la variante dialectal pipil de Toltecáyotl: este es el término clásico mexica. Distintos investigadores (lexicógrafos, historiadores, arqueólogos, antropólogos) dan significaciones variadas a partir de un sentido central del término: espiritualidad, sabiduría, creatividad. En su Diccionario del Náhuatl en el español mexicano, Carlos Montemayor define “tolteca” como el que destaca por su arte, industria, ciencia, creatividad
Copyright (c) 2024 Luis Melgar Brizuela https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The patriotic ideas of José Martí and José Vasconcelos are based on the rescue of indigenous tradition. For them it is impossible to achieve full autonomy in Latin America without vindicating the indigenous and the mestizo, for this reason it can be argued that the rescue of the indigenous tradition is a redemptive act that unleashes “the messianic force” contained in said tradition. Consequently, such a redemptive act is a soteriological imperative. In order to combine these categories with the philosophies of José Martí and José Vasconcelos, the contributions of Walter Benjamin and Alexander Dugin are used in this paper.
Copyright (c) 2024 José Oscar Benjamín Ponce Pérez https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0