The journal “La Universidad”, published by La Universidad de El Salvador, it is an organ multidisciplinary scientific and socio-cultural publication, founded in 1875 under the direction of Dr. Esteban Castro. The creation of this journal responded to La Universidad de El Salvador’s need to disseminate the scientific work of its academic community, as well as that of regional intellectuals and artists, establishing itself as the first editorial publication in the country.
Universidad de El Salvador. Editorial Universitaria
Rehabilitation of hemiparesis in areas of prophylactic and therapeutic physical culture
Hemiparesis is defined as muscle weakness or partial paralysis affecting one side of the body, reducing strength in the face, arm, and leg. Objective: this research developed a proposal oftherapeutic physical exercises for the rehabilitation of hemiparesis within the field of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Physical Culture (CFPT). Methodology: A systematic review of randomized controlled clinical trials and descriptive quantitative/qualitative studies was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, in parallel, for the validation of the proposal, the criteria of specialists in neurorehabilitation and physical rehabilitation were employed. Results and Discussion: The theoretical references analyzed demonstrated the importance of early rehabilitation of hemiparesis. It should be noted that this allowed us to validate and design a rehabilitation program proposal for hemiparesis in accordance with the methodology of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Physical Culture (PTPC), the assessment of the relevance and feasibility of our proposal through expert judgment showed that the evaluative criteria of each program indicator must be modified, which enabled us to develop timely recommendations for the subsequent analysis and applicability of the proposal. Conclusions: Content and program structure identification allowed the creation of therapeutic physical exercises for physical rehabilitation of pediatric hemiparesis patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors who publish in Revista La Universidad agree to the following terms: Authors continue as owners of their works, non-exclusively assigning dissemination rights to La Universidad Journal under the standards of the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. This license allows the use of a work to create another work or content, modifying or not the original work, as long as the author is cited, the resulting work is shared under the same type of license and has no commercial purposes(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.es). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
“International Standards and Jurisprudential Criteria Applicable to Salvadoran Reproductive Justice: Scientific and Didactic Perspectives”
This paper presents a review of the text “International Standards and Jurisprudential Criteria Applicable to Salvadoran Reproductive Justice” by Danny Obed Portillo Aguilar. It analyzes the different contexts and legal frameworks (national and international), proposes definitions, explains and demonstrates the scope of various standards regarding reproductive justice, and various jurisprudential criteria. Finally, it puts forward the need for reparation, encompassing both full reparation and guarantees of non-repetition. The text has been formulated in an educational and systematic manner, making it accessible to both specialized and non-specialized readers.
Overcoming metaphysical skepticism in nahuatl philosophy
This work addresses the epistemological problem of knowledge concerning divinity and life after death, from the perspective of Nahuatl philosophy, with the aim of establishing the existence of an advanced epistemological awareness in Nahuatl thought. For this purpose, epistemological categories are confronted with the explicit features of Nahuatl philosophy. First, the evolution of Nahuatl philosophy as interpreted by non-indigenous authors is described, which comes to question its own postulates on transcendence and existence; in other words, it constitutes a critique of its own metaphysics. Second, the inherent characteristics of the internal transformation of Nahuatl philosophy are interpreted, as it departs from its primordial dogmatism while attempting to avoid skepticism. This ultimately implies that this philosophy developed methods and criteria to validate its knowledge, which in turn serves as an indicator of the application of logic in philosophical inquiry. Finally, it is identified that there was a theory of knowledge that transcended naïve realism without falling into metaphysical skepticism, along with a method to overcome it.
in the university setting, reading habits are beneficial for students; however, obstacles and negative perceptions towards reading still persist. Objective: to assess the possibility of establishing a dependent relationship between the various variables related to reading habits and preferences and the categories defined for the student population. Methodology: a cross-sectional descriptive and correlational quantitative study was conducted with a sample of 412 university students. A self-administered questionnaire with 45 questions was used, covering the following variables: sociodemographic profiles, reading habits, reading preferences, effects of reading on academic performance and negative opinions about reading. Results and discussion: although the response counts indicated certain tendencies among the variables, the chi-square tests revealed that the majority of the coefficients obtained did not fall below the critical value for each hypothesis; consequently, the null hypotheses could not be rejected. Conclusions: Some questions showed relationships between variables and categories, such as “I usually read the book in electronic version” and “I usually buy the book I will read” with the age of the students. This suggests that age influences the format of reading and buying books. However, other relationships were isolated and not evident. It is recommended that a complementary data collection instrument be used.
The University of El Salvador was founded on February 16, 1841, the date coinciding with the declaration of the Salvadoran State. Since its founding, the university has withstood the country's historical storms, always remaining the first and only public university committed to science and culture. Furthermore, its goals address the urgent need to transform Salvadoran society through teaching, research, and social outreach. By uniting these three pillars, the University of El Salvador promotes its scientific work and production, seeking to provide the people with men and women with a spirit of renewal and a humanistic approach to knowledge.
Microbiological detection of Salmonella spp in markets in the metropolitan area of El Salvador
Foodborne diseases (FBDs) are considered a serious public health problem, primarily affecting developing countries where food manufacturing processes are deficient. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that around 600 million people become ill each year from ingesting contaminated food. Children and the elderly are among these vulnerable populations, making it imperative to ensure safe nutrition, a major public health challenge. One of the foods linked to FBDs is chicken, a widely consumed animal-based protein worldwide due to its low cost. Among the microorganisms associated with these diseases is the bacterium Salmonella spp. Methodology: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted. For this study, 50 chicken samples were collected from 25 municipal markets in the metropolitan area of ​​San Salvador and processed using conventional microbiological methods used for the detection of Salmonella spp. Results and discussion: Of the 50 samples analyzed, 16 (32%) tested positive for Salmonella spp by microbiological methods using selective and differential media and confirmed through biochemical tests with API 20E®. Conclusions: The presence of Salmonella spp was confirmed by conventional microbiological methodology in chicken samples, revealing possible failures in food handling processes, which pose a potential risk to consumer health.
Agri-food Regimes and Structural Dependence in Latin America and the Caribbean:
This article examines agri-food regimes in Latin America and the Caribbean from a critical structural perspective, using a mixed-method approach that combines FAOSTAT (2023) data with theoretical review on dependency. Ideal types were constructed to characterize regional models, and the Mexican case was analyzed using SADER data. Findings reveal production concentration, agricultural specialization, and commercial subordination, as well as a structural duality in Mexico. The study concludes that dependency and inequality persist, highlighting the need for more diversified and sustainable models.
ctions for the direction of the teaching-learning process in Agricultural Production from cooperation
The Technical Baccalaureate in Agricultural Production in Ecuador has the purpose of incorporating young people into the world of work, for which it has a study plan that contemplates the implementation of knowledge and the connection with environmental problems. In empirical investigations regarding the direction of the teaching-learning process of this career, difficulties are highlighted regarding cooperation in diagnosis, planning, orientation, control and evaluation. Therefore, this research aims to develop a set of actions to direct the teaching-learning process based on cooperation between teachers and students. To form the proposal, an initial analysis was carried out of the ways in which it is indicated to direct the process from curricular planning, its foundations were determined from the Pedagogy and Didactics of Technical and Professional Education, the actions to be carried out by the teacher and the students. During the activities of the teaching-learning process, it was introduced into practice with 20 second-year students of the Major in the Subject “Management and breeding of small animals” and finally the IADOV technique was applied to determine the group satisfaction index. of these. A trend towards a higher level of student satisfaction with the activities of the teaching-learning process could be observed, which tentatively endorses the value of the proposal made.
Labor informality in the Economically Active Population of the city of Guayaquil:
Labor informality is a structural problem in the city of Guayaquil caused mainly by the difficult economic situation of the country, the lack of opportunities offered by the labor market, the lack of experience of young applicants, among others. Informal work, although it can be a great alternative for the present, can generate negative effects in the medium term for the worker and their safety, which is why it is important to control and regulate compliance with labor laws. The objective was to analyze labor informality in the Active Economic Population of the city of Guayaquil: Dimensions, causes and consequences. The research was carried out with a descriptive scope and mixed approach. The selected sample was 385 workers belonging to the economically active population and 5 tax experts, who provided the information to carry out the research. The results show that the causes of informality are the difficulty of finding employment due to experience and education, as well as the poverty that the country experiences, among the consequences is non-compliance with labor laws for the worker and tax evasion.
Digital divide between the Indigenous population and the national population in internet use in Paraguay according to population censuses
The research highlights the existing digital divide between the indigenous population and the Paraguayan national population regarding internet use and the reasons for its use, primarily for educational purposes. Using a quantitative approach, with a descriptive scope and a non-experimental cross-sectional design, data from the 2017 Permanent Household Survey, the 2012 and 2022 National Census of Population and Housing for Indigenous Peoples, and the 2022 National Census of Population and Housing were analyzed. The results show an improvement from 2012 to 2022 in internet access among indigenous peoples; however, a digital divide persists with the national population, particularly concerning internet use with an emphasis on educational purposes. This imbalance considerably limits the development opportunities for indigenous communities in today’s digital society and confirms the inequality they face compared to the non-indigenous population.
Violence between women in workplaces in Cuernavaca, Morelos
gender violence is a problem that has permeated all social areas, including the workplace. This type of violence does not exclude women as perpetrators, hence the importance of addressing it in work environments, since it tends to be normalized and unnoticed. Objective: identify if there is violence committed by women against women in workplaces in Cuernavaca, Morelos to provide useful information for the design of public policies aimed at preventing this type of violence. Methodology: a mixed type of research was used; correlational scope aimed at identifying relationships between indicators of violence between women and its prevalence in the workplace; for which 18 items were taken from the LIPT-60 Instrument and applied to a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 36 women who worked in several workgrounds and company sizes in Cuernavaca, Morelos. Results and Discussion: 86 % of the sample reported having suffered workplace violence from female bosses or co-workers; large/ transnational companies, and the health and beauty sector showing higher prevalence. Conclusions: the presence of different types of aggressive behavior carried out by women against women was found in the work environments of Cuernavaca, Morelos, which points to the need to address this type of violence from the design of public policies and information campaigns to its visibility and eradication.
La Universidad de El Salvador fue fundada el 16 de febrero de 1841, fecha que coincide con la declaración del Estado salvadoreño. Desde su constitución, el alma mater ha resistido los vendavales históricos del país, manteniéndose siempre como la primera y única universidad pública, comprometida con la ciencia y la cultura. Además, sus fines atienden a la urgencia de transformar a la sociedad salvadoreña por medio de la docencia, la investigación y la proyección social. Al unir estos tres ejes, la Universidad de El Salvador impulsa su quehacer y producción científica, en aras de entregar al pueblo hombres y mujeres con un espíritu renovador de su realidad y un enfoque humanista del conocimiento.
Dependency, underdevelopment and multidimensional inequality:
This study aims to expose the relationship between dependency, underdevelopment, and multidimensional inequality in Latin America through the analysis of dependency theory. For this purpose, a review was made of different authors, who quantitatively exposed fieldwork data and other research that reflect how inequality is a problem that goes beyond the dimension of economic income and becomes a problem of access and respect for the fundamental rights of human dignity. Among the most important findings of this research is the recognition that inequality is a transgenerational problem where the pattern of poverty and upward social mobility has been transmitted from parents to children for decades, making it a structural problem in Latin American society.
he cultural identity of La Coloma as a tool focused on environmental education
The following is a qualitative study conducted in La Coloma, Pinar del Río, Cuba. The main objective is to contribute to the environmental education of this vulnerable coastal community, based on its identity traits related to the environment. To achieve this, we will focus on two specific objectives: first, to identify these aspects, and second, to guide them in a functional and practical way towards environmental education. The methods used are based on the documentary analysis of previous diagnostic results related to the field of study, summarized in its main environmental issues and cultural heritage; supported by theoretical systematization through the collection, interpretation, and synthesis of the main concepts and theories addressed regarding cultural identity and environmental education; complemented by participant observation, used to corroborate criteria. Through these methods, certain elements were identified such as the conservation of local habitats and species, the intergenerational transmission of environmental knowledge and collective memory, incorporation of environmental values in expressions such as music, sustainable use of natural resources, knowledge and respect for environmental regulations, clothing as a cultural symbol, and sculptural elements; and it was proposed to guide each of these aspects practically towards possible educational actions. The proposal provides residents of this area with a framework that allows them to better understand their potentialities, based on their common characteristics, which contribute to educational development on the care and preservation of the environment.
Digital Teaching Competencies in Graduate Learning at the Latin American University of Science and Technology:
The training of teachers in digital competencies and their application in the learning process are essential for the adequate preparation of future professionals in an increasingly digitalized and globalized labor market. The objective of this article was to analyze the perceptions and experiences about digital competencies of teachers who teach courses in the Master of Curriculum and University Teaching and in the Master of Psychopedagogy, at the Latin American University of Science and Technology, exploring the relationship between digital competencies and their application in higher education during the second quarter of the year 2022. With a qualitative methodological design and a descriptive approach, the study used a perception questionnaire to inquire about teachers’ digital teaching competencies. The results obtained showed how they defined digital competencies and their application in higher education. These perceptions underscored the importance of integrating digital technologies into the educational environment, using varied approaches and strategies that would enhance learning and digital interaction in the classroom. Finally, this study highlighted the importance of integrating teachers’ digital competencies in the learning process, updating and diversifying technological training courses in higher education. In addition, emphasis was placed on the creation of spaces that would allow teachers to apply and develop their technological skills to face the challenges of a constantly evolving digital environment.
During and after the COVID-19 pandemic, the WhatsApp application acquired a key function for the Otomi community, or ñhäñhu, mainly among women who took advantage of this digital application as a means of communication in their daily lives and as an essential resource to achieve the completion of the school cycle for the community’s minors, as well as to continue marketing their crafts in a context of social distancing. The qualitative approach was used, based on interviews and direct observation. Five interviews were conducted with ñhäñhu women artisans, between 21 and 50 years old, of various educational levels. For ñhäñhu women, the use of the smartphone and access to mobile data became key factors for their autonomy and the development of digital skills by searching for strategies, the use of these applications as tools promoted learning, social, economic, cultural and educational participation within their community of origin and destination. It was found that nhäñhu women significantly developed self-taught learning in the use of digital tools through individual and collaborative work strategies. This has made visible the role of women and their social participation outside their community in the last two decades, especially on Chapultepec Avenue and Colonia Roma, originating in Santiago Mexquititilán. The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) has allowed women to break with social stereotypes, dispelling sexist ideas, making visible their participation in urban contexts, exemplifying and showing the community interconnected with the public and the private, in addition to adding ethnicity in the use or technological appropriation, resulting in a particular intersectionality that favors digital inclusion, identifying synergies between interculturality and digital literacy.
Deterioration of the shielding and insulation of a 46/23kV distribution substation in El Salvador
The development of this work describes the need to issue a reliable diagnosis on the levels of deterioration of the protection and insulation elements of an electrical distribution substation, due to the climatic conditions, earthquakes and type of terrain that affect the substations in the course of of its useful life. It is proposed to send letters to AES Del Sur, ETESAL and CEL to request information on the design and standards used in their substations with a long operating time, as well as any study or information on shielding upgrades, commissioning improvements. ground or insulation. With the information provided, the corresponding study will be carried out. In addition, the effects of climate, earthquakes and the type of terrain on Electrical Installations are described, which leads to corrosion, superficial damage and deterioration in the grounding system, increasing insecurity and voltage values.
A look at classroom management, to promote at Self-regulation of learning in secondary and university education
When the scope of academic success in secondary and higher education is contemplated, the personality and habits of the students are influenced, but at the same time, the example, the educational practice, the specialization of knowledge and the bond between teacher-student. Therefore, this research aimed to design classroom management routes to enhance self-regulation of learning in Colombian educational institutions. We worked under the qualitative approach, correlational scope and case study design. The sample consisted of 174 students distributed in secondary, technical and higher education, and 8 active teachers. The data were collected through the semi-structured interview, the observation record, the documentary record and the focus group. The information analysis was carried out through triangulation using an Excel matrix. The results define that classroom management can directly influence the development of self-regulation of learning, allowing students to acquire the tools and support necessary to manage resources such as time, set goals, self-evaluation, autonomy and critical thinking. It is concluded that teacher effectiveness can also contribute significantly to the development of self-regulation, when they promote activities that challenge students to make decisions, reflect on their progress and adapt their study strategies. It is concluded that good classroom management by the teacher contributes to students facing academic challenges at higher levels of educational evaluation
Social justice and reduction of inequalities:
The internalization of higher education in Bahia in 1970, with the Public Universities, promoted transformations in the political, social, economic and environmental sectors. With the objective of analyzing the importance of higher level vocational training, as a reducer of inequalities and promoter of social justice, this study presented the following research problem: how did the process of internalization of higher education in Bahia, Brazil, constitute a construction innovation of protagonist subjects of its history in the Territorio del Viejo Chico? Guided by the literature review, we are based on the study of the authors: Bortolanza (2017); Fernandes (2011); Mota Junior (2017); Boaventura (2009); Pereira (2021); Rodrigues (2022). The documentary study was based on the official data of the E-MEC, SEI BAHIA, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics- IBGE. The internalization of Higher Education allowed the low-income population to have access to vocational training, which consequently reduced inequalities and promoted social justice, although the courses in universities still need to be expanded and diversified.
A look at entrepreneurship and Youth and Adult Education:
This Systematic Literature Review study analyzed production articles in Portuguese published between 2019 and 2023 on the topic of entrepreneurship Youth and Adult Education based on implementation of the National Common Curricular Base (BNCC). The search was carried out the CAPES, SciELO and Google Scholar databases. In data collection, the following descriptors were applied: entrepreneurship, Youth and Adult Education and National Common Curricular Base. This qualitative research with exploratory objectives of the Systematic Literature Review type. In result, identified need for curricular organization that goes in opposite direction to that proposed in official documents, taking into account the diversity of contexts and life trajectories of students.
Digital literacy as an innovative experience in the school context:
This study involved a review of the literature contained in the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD), available in Portuguese from January 2018 to September 20, 2023, discussing the topic of digital literacy in the context of rural schools, ensuring the strengthening of peasant identity. It is understood that the social context has undergone transformations due to digital technologies that are part of the experiences lived by individuals who, by using these technologies, seek to achieve their goals in various contexts. This also creates opportunities for strengthening autonomy in everyday activities, among other benefits. Thus, when analyzing digital literacy in rural schools, it is considered that it is not the digital technologies themselves, but what people do with them in that specific social and historical context. The aim is to understand school pedagogical practices as innovative experiences, leading to the choice of a qualitative research paradigm and bibliographic research of the State of Knowledge for the development of this work. The analyses showed a general recognition of the importance of digital literacy and its definition as a critical, reflective, and autonomous social practice amidst digital culture. It also revealed that digital literacy as a means to strengthen peasant identity needs to be further developed to expand the training possibilities for the peasant subject.
Ethnomathematics and entrepreneurship in Brasil
This article presents a Systematic Literature Review (RSL) on ethnomathematics and entrepreneurship, a collection of academic and empirical works that discuss ethnomathematics in the work practices of solidarity entrepreneurs. This work was interested in answering the unknown, how ethnomathematical knowledge is presented in studies that investigate the work practices of entrepreneurs in the period from 2018 to 2022 in Brazil. To do this, a compilation was made on the CAPES newspaper portal, theses and dissertations, which concomitantly discuss ethnomathematics and entrepreneurship, considering the descriptors “ethnomathematics” and “entrepreneurship.” Among the studies found, only 4 works were selected. The documentary technique was used as the research methodology. In summary, the studies demonstrated that, despite the absence of conventional mathematics in the cultural practices of the groups analyzed, the authors agree with the existence of traditional mathematical knowledge intrinsic to their work techniques. Therefore, based on the RSL, we infer that a cultural group evokes and uses inherited mathematical knowledge, using it in the methodological particularities of its endeavors
Reasons for school dropout in Brazilian higher education:
This is a literature review article whose objective was to summarize the reasons associated with the phenomenon of school dropouts in Brazilian higher education, in the last 5 years, from 2018 to September 2023. For the search, the String tool was used, which located documents using the following keywords: “school evasion”, “school dropouts” and “higher education”. 112 articles were identified through the CAPES Periodical Platform, in the DOAJ bases SciELO Brazil, SciELO Portugal, PUCRS Institutional Repository, SciELO Costa Rica, OECD Library, Publisher’s Website, SciELO Perú, SciELO Colombia, SciELO Ecuador and SciELO México. The inclusion criteria were empirical articles available in Portuguese, published in the period from January 2018 to September 2023 and peer-reviewed. While, the exclusion criteria were: articles without full text in foreign languages, published outside the period, dissertations, theses, theoretical articles, book chapters and minutes of events. After the review five studies were chosen. The results indicated that, as reasons associated with evasion in higher education, there is failure, academic and social integration, financial issues, academic failure and the infrastructure of universities.
Influence of female entrepreneurship on quality of life
The article presented below aims to expose, through scientific literature, the influence of female entrepreneurship on quality of life. It is a knowledge state study that provides a synthesis of the scientific productions from theses/dissertations published in the last five years, conducted in September 2023, in the database of the Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations. This study is part of the activities of the course “Social Innovation and Entrepreneurship” within the Professional Master’s Program in Educational Intervention at the State University of Bahia. Entrepreneurship positively impacts the quality of life for women, as the experience of becoming an entrepreneur allows for personal satisfaction, which in turn reflects increased female self-confidence. This study contributed to the construction of the theoretical framework regarding the influence of entrepreneurship on women’s quality of life
The dimension of Social Innovation in the National Student Assistance Program and its impact on Public Policies
The event of access policies to higher education and the expansion of student assistance promoted the inclusion of historically marginalized students in public universities. In an effort to ensure the retention of these students, there has been growth in student assistance policies, such as the National Student Assistance Program (PNAES). Consequently, the main objective of this article is to understand how the National Student Assistance Program contributes to social innovation in the context of higher education in Brazil, with research conducted in October 2023. Specific objectives include: 1) identifying which actions of PNAES promote social innovation, 2) determining if the National Student Assistance Program incorporates characteristics of social innovation within its structures, and 3) discussing the relevance of the student movement as a strengthening element of PNAES in higher education. The theoretical framework of this bibliographic study is based on the ideas of Moulaert (2000), Alter (2000), André, and Abreu (2006), who discuss social innovation as a collective process. Initially, a brief historical overview of the democratization of access to higher education in Brazil is presented, followed by an analysis of the National Student Assistance Program (PNAES). This is a qualitative and bibliographic investigation that seeks to broaden the debate regarding PNAES as a possibility for social innovation. The results show that the democratization of access to higher education alone is not sufficient; it is necessary to implement policies that ensure the retention of students in universities.
Copyright (c) 2024 Authors who publish in Revista La Universidad agree to the following terms: Authors continue as owners of their works, non-exclusively assigning dissemination rights to La Universidad Journal under the standards of the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. This license allows the use of a work to create another work or content, modifying or not the original work, as long as the author is cited, the resulting work is shared under the same type of license and has no commercial purposes(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.es). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Interconnections between Pedagogical Political Project and pedagogical coordination:
This article aims to reflect on the importance of the Pedagogical Political Project (PPP) as a reference for the work of the Pedagogical Coordinator in the Brazilian school context. In this way, we seek to discuss the following question: What are the contributions of the PPP as a foundational instrument of coordination work in the school environment? In this sense, it was proposed to analyze the relevance of the pedagogical coordinator in the articulation of the educational process based on the school’s PPP and to demonstrate its importance as a driver of innovations in pedagogical practice. This work is the result of a bibliographic research rooted in the approaches of Dagnino, Brandão, Novaes (2014), Freire (1983, 1987), Vasconcellos (2000), Veiga (2007), among others. It was evident that the PPP must be conceived as a reference framework for the exercise of pedagogical coordination, as well as the need for the aforementioned document to make constant updates and meet the demands of the educational scenario to contribute to the implementation of innovative pedagogical practices.
Inclusive Education emerged from the need to think about educational spaces that enable learning and inclusion for those who have long been excluded from education, even from social experiences. This historical process of denial brought consequences that remain to this day. Therefore, throughout Brazil’s development, public inclusion policies, programs, centers, projects and laws were created with the aim of reversing the situation, enabling educational access for all. In understanding this path, theoretical discussion is important, thus raising the following question: How did the paths of Inclusive Education develop in Brazil? Thus, in an attempt to answer the guiding question, this work aimed to understand the paths of Inclusive Education in Brazil. Thus, bibliographic research and literature review were used as a methodology to provide a contextualized reflection on the concepts and main theorists who have constructed discussions on Inclusive Education policies over time. This research is part of the dissertative construction of the Professional Master’s program in Educational and Social Intervention (MPIES), of the State University of Bahia - UNEB campus XI, Serrinha-BA. Thus, the result was an understanding of the historical and conceptual path of the theme, enabling reflections on the theme.
Las mujeres han estado presentes en la ciencia desde tiempos inmemoriales, pero su contribución ha sido a menudo silenciada o minimizada. Afortunadamente, en las últimas décadas, se ha ido reconociendo cada vez más la importancia de su participación en la investigación y la innovación. La inclusión de las mujeres en la investigación es un imperativo que va más allá de la cuestión de equidad; se trata de una necesidad fundamental para el avance científico, la innovación y el desarrollo de soluciones que responden a las necesidades reales de la sociedad. La Universidad de El Salvador en el marco del Día Internacional de la Mujer, realiza un sencillo pero emotivo homenaje, para destacar el papel de la mujer en la ciencia, en el desarrollo científico, tecnológico, social, económico y ambiental; mostrando en su primera edición de la Revista «La Universidad», un conjunto de manuscritos hechos por mujeres, muestra de sus resultados científicos y contribución al desarrollo de cada área temática en que se desempeñan.
Los manuscritos incluidos en este número conmemorativo de Revista «La Universidad» surgen bajo el proyecto académico titulado: Innovación Social, Emprendimiento e Interdisciplinariedad: Contextos Educativos y Sociales, que se vinculan a las actividades realizadas por los alumnos en la matrícula especial de la disciplina Innovación Social y Emprendimiento, en colaboración con los egresados del Programa de Posgrado Stricto Sensu en Intervención Educativa y Social – MPIES (Maestría Profesional), del Departamento de Educación – Campus XI – Serrinha, en Bahía, Brasil en cooperación interdepartamental con el grupo que se encuentra fuera de la sede, perteneciente al Departamento de Ciencias Humanas y Tecnologías- Campus XVII – Buen Jesús de la Lapa, de la Universidad del Estado de Bahía, con docentes del referido campus, también con los/as colaboradores/as e invitados/as de otras Instituciones de la Enseñanza Superior (IES), tanto nacionales como internacionales.