Revista Relaciones Internacionales is an annual publication of Aequus Editorial, the publishing label of the Faculty of Jurisprudence and Social Sciences of the University of El Salvador, which aims to create a space for academic discussion on topics of interest in the field of International Relations.
The authors transfer the copyright rights in favor of the Faculty of Jurisprudence and Social Sciences of the University of El Salvador (through Aequus Editorial) to include their writing in Revista Relaciones Internacionales.
Nowadays, analyzing the international scenario in all its spheres becomes increasingly complex. International relations stopped developing exclusively between States, as other global non-state actors are also immersed in this dynamic. This international scenario is crossed by constant tensions between conflict and cooperation, due to the persistence of underdevelopment in different regions of the world and the strategic struggle between great powers such as China, the United States and others, which dispute spaces of global hegemony. The world faces major challenges that cross borders, such as the environmental crisis, social inequality and the increasingly influential role of technology corporations. Understanding these phenomena requires a thorough analysis not only from theory, but also case studies and critical reflections on them, which transcend the traditional limits of the study of the international environment.
politics, international relations, international projection, governance, economic cooperation
Copyright (c) 2025 Revista Relaciones Internacionales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Aproximaciones neorrealistas de la realidad internacional en la era de las gigantes tecnológicas
Que el gasto del sector tecnológico sea superior al gasto militar a nivel mundial en la actualidad, considerando que la guerra sigue presente en la realidad internacional, sugiere un cambio paradigmático en las relaciones de poder dentro del sistema internacional; interpelando al análisis teórico de las Relaciones Internacionales a considerar los nuevos núcleos de poder, que ya no es exclusivo de los Estados. La explicación de la realidad internacional evidencia que los actores estatales mantienen conductas racionales e individualistas, por lo cual, los postulados neorrealistas se materializan de forma constante en los procesos dentro del sistema internacional. No obstante, el análisis neorrealista se limita al estudio de la estructura del sistema, relaciones de poder y seguridad nacional desde una óptica etnocéntrica, y, por tanto, debe extenderse hacia el papel que poseen las gigantes corporaciones tecnológicas, que poseen cuotas de poder cada vez más grandes. Las big tech cuentan con herramientas que les permiten cambiar o moldear conductas a nivel individual y societario, las cuales se ponen al servicio de los gobiernos para que ejerzan un mayor control sobre su población o erosionen la soberanía de otros Estados, atacando sus infraestructuras críticas o infiriendo en procesos extranjeros. En ese sentido, surgen nuevos sistemas que coexisten con los existentes, como lo es el tecnofeudalismo, el cual explica la conglomeración de millones de usuarios en plataformas digitales que fungen como tecnofeudos, convirtiendo a sus dueños en señores feudales, capaces de ofrecer alianzas desde una posición favorable a gobiernos tan poderosos como el estadounidense.
Tecnofeudalismo, metaestatal, big tech, dataísmo, neorrealismo, Estado, poder, plutocracia
El legado de la Comisión Internacional Contra la Impunidad en Guatemala y las lecciones de la lucha contra la impunidad (2007-2019)
El presente artículo analiza el papel transformador de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas en el fortalecimiento institucional de la región latinoamericana. Enfocándose en la Comisión Internacional contra la Impunidad en Guatemala, se exploran tres dimensiones: el contexto que propició su creación, los logros obtenidos durante su operación y las implicaciones de su disolución. El análisis destaca cómo la Comisión, respaldada por la ONU, representó un modelo innovador en la lucha contra la corrupción y la impunidad en Guatemala, enfrentando redes criminales profundamente arraigadas y promoviendo reformas significativas en el sistema judicial. Casos paradigmáticos como "La Línea" ilustran su impacto en la desarticulación de esquemas corruptos y la movilización ciudadana para exigir rendición de cuentas. No obstante, la disolución de la Comisión en 2019 reveló las limitaciones de las iniciativas internacionales en contextos de fragilidad institucional, marcando un retroceso en la lucha contra la corrupción y la consolidación del Estado de derecho en el país. El artículo concluye reflexionando sobre las lecciones aprendidas de esta experiencia, subrayando la necesidad de un compromiso sostenido y el diseño de estrategias que garanticen la sostenibilidad de los avances logrados. Este estudio reafirma el papel indispensable de la ONU en la promoción de la justicia y la equidad, y ofrece un marco para futuras intervenciones en contextos similares.
ONU, CICIG, derechos humanos, estado de derecho, corrupción.
Las relaciones político-diplomáticas entre India y América Latina y el Caribe durante el gobierno de Narendra Modi (2014-2024). Principales tendencias
India, país más poblado del mundo y quinta economía mundial, se ha convertido en uno de los principales actores internacionales, tanto por su peso económico-demográfico, como por su membresía en diferentes organizaciones internacionales e iniciativas para reformar el orden internacional, promover el multilateralismo y la cooperación. Coherentemente con su estatus de potencia media, necesita expandir su zona de influencia política aumentando así su liderazgo internacional. Bajo esta lógica, América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) comenzó a cobrar importancia para el subcontinente.
política exterior, relaciones político-diplomáticas, Narendra Modi, India, América Latina y el Caribe, CARICOM, SICA, CELAC.
Giro diplomático Honduras-China: análisis e implicaciones geopolíticas
El presente estudio examina el cambio en la política exterior de Honduras tras el establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas con la República Popular China en 2023, así como sus implicaciones económicas y geopolíticas. A través de un enfoque cualitativo, se analiza la ruptura con Taiwán y la posterior alineación con la República Popular China, considerando el impacto que ha producido, además de evaluar la estrategia diplomática hondureña. Se establecen los riesgos y oportunidades de esta relación desde perspectivas teóricas como el liberalismo y el realismo periférico. Los resultados sugieren que, el establecimiento de comunicaciones con la República Popular China podría servir para diversificar la cooperación internacional, dicha relación no es sostenible sin una estrategia clara de parte de relaciones exteriores. También se analiza el efecto de este cambio en la posición de Honduras en el multilateralismo y su relación con socios tradicionales como Estados Unidos. Este análisis ayuda a comprender las relaciones asimétricas entre los pequeños estados y las grandes potencias globales, permitiendo así situar el caso de Honduras en el contexto internacional. También, se destaca la importancia de evaluar los factores y términos de los posibles futuros acuerdos bilaterales con el fin de reducir la dependencia mientras se garantiza contribuciones concretas al desarrollo nacional.
Política exterior – alianza diplomática - geopolítica - intereses estratégicos
Incidencia de la política de emisión monetaria y endeudamiento de los regímenes populistas del siglo XXI sobre los indicadores internacionales de gestión de riesgo financiero. Caso Kirchnerismo-Argentina
Tras la llegada de Néstor Kirchner al poder en 2003, Argentina enfrentó una crisis económica creciente, heredada de gobiernos anteriores, pero acelerada por las políticas implementadas por las administraciones justicialistas. La política de emisión monetaria adquirió un rol protagónico frente a la inflación, destacándose por una serie de experimentos que contribuyeron al deterioro de los indicadores internacionales de gestión del riesgo financiero. La sobre emisión monetaria y otras medidas adoptadas afectaron negativamente la confianza internacional, generando un círculo vicioso en el que cada nueva crisis llevaba a la adopción de políticas adicionales que, en lugar de solucionar los problemas, debilitaban aún más la percepción de los inversionistas y profundizaban la recesión. Esta dinámica evidenció cómo la inestabilidad monetaria puede perpetuar la desconfianza externa y agudizar la crisis económica, dificultando la recuperación financiera del país.
Argentina, Kirchnerismo, riesgo financiero, política monetaria, crisis económica
China en la nueva era: el flujo continuo de la modernización
El presente artículo tiene como objetivo comprender el constructo conceptual del Tianxia desde la comprensión de la gobernanza global y de las relaciones internacionales, promovido por la República Popular China, bajo una serie de iniciativas globales orientadas por una Comunidad de Futuro Compartido para la Humanidad. Las propuestas que nacen de China para una humanidad con destino compartido, requieren la necesidad de que los Estados cuenten con la capacidad de interpretar un conjunto diverso y complejo de posibilidades futuras en un contexto de diversas incertidumbres, y si en estos marcos, pueden operar para identificar los problemas y oportunidades del presente y del futuro con políticas y acciones diplomáticas basadas en modelos de gobernanza multinivel, con criterios de legitimidad, responsabilidad, eficacia y eficiencia.
multilateralismo, globalización, modernización, gobernanza, responsabilidad
Algeria, a key player for sustainable peace in the Sahel
The crisis in the Sahel is serious and multidimensional and, if not stopped, could have consequences far beyond the region, as states in the region are too poor and weak to deal with it alone. The problem, however, is that current international approaches and interventions in the Sahel are more in line with short-term external priorities, such as stopping irregular migration to Europe. There is no doubt that the migration crisis in the Sahel is a crisis that needs to be addressed, and we certainly need a security approach to several of the insurgencies. However, it needs to be part of a much broader agenda of humanitarian assistance and development support that takes into account context and conflicts. Algeria has traditionally always been a key player in stability in the African Sahel, which continues to face crucial challenges and significant threats. As a regional power, Algeria has interests in the Sahel due to geographical contiguity, strategic depth and historical ties.
conflict - Sahel - Algeria - national security - sustainable peace
Connecting local and Global solutions: an analysis of capillary approaches to Science and Development
International organizations such as UNESCO can play a pivotal role in promoting peace, eradicating poverty, and fostering sustainable development through their multifaceted approach, which encompasses education, science, culture, communication and information. This paper examines UNESCO's Category 2 Centers as catalysts for global and local development, focusing on a case study of a center in Mashhad, Iran. These centers, established by member states under UNESCO's auspices, play a vital role in addressing socioeconomic challenges, particularly in regions like the Global South. By promoting partnership, skills development, and science communication, they translate strategic goals into tangible actions and foster STEM education and research, particularly in Africa. Leveraging the soft power of science, UNESCO aims to bridge knowledge-sharing gaps, empower youth, and advance the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) outlined in the UN Agenda 2030. Ultimately, these centers contribute to inclusive, sustainable development by connecting local and global solutions and fostering constructive dialogues among diverse stakeholders.
development, UNESCO, capacity building, policies,culture
Carbon Dioxide Removal: Challenges and Opportunities in El Salvador
Considering its institutional and policy conditions, this article examines the potential for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) in El Salvador. Using a case study approach and a multi-level analysis, it adapts the analytical framework proposed by Schenuit et al. (2021) to assess CDR policy in the country. The findings show that El Salvador prioritizes the Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector in its mitigation strategies, while other CDR technologies lack explicit regulation. The delayed implementation of mitigation instruments and political transitions has negatively impacted the continuity and transparency of government actions regarding carbon removal. Despite the ambitious targets outlined in the Nationally Determined Contribution, the country has no registered CDR-specific projects, only direct emission reduction initiatives in the voluntary market. The study concludes that significant barriers hinder the effective implementation of CDR, emphasizing the need for a more robust regulatory framework, policy stability, and access to advanced technologies and scientific knowledge. Overcoming these challenges is crucial to strengthening mitigation efforts and ensuring El Salvador meets its climate commitments.
This brief presentation of the content of the articles published in the journal aims to guide the reader on the contents of the sixth volume, corresponding to the year 2024, of Revista Relaciones Internacionales. The richness of the contributions will only be recognized when each reader reviews the contents and identifies the meanings that each author describes in their texts. Therefore, this is an invitation to delve into this rich variety of proposals, to become familiar with each of them, and to foster personal reflection that brings us a little closer to understanding that aspect of social relations that is the study of international relations.
Copyright (c) 2024 Revista Relaciones Internacionales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Order and chaos in International Relations
Order and chaos, mythological terms adopted by the exact sciences to explain the possibility or impossibility of predicting the behavior of natural phenomena respectively, are two concepts extrapolated to International Relations. Both are inexorable within the international system, whose functioning and configuration shows that anarchy provides the actors, especially the State, with rational behaviors apart from individualistic ones. This leads to a kind of social “Darwinism”, where the strongest is in charge of establishing the temporary world order, subordinated to the life of the hegemony empire. Throughout the history of humanity and with the multiple lessons learned, human beings have made different attempts to establish order in the international system through good will to the detriment of violence. They seek to establish norms capable of regulating, allowing, or prohibiting conduct on the actors. Each of the attempts has been limited by the impossibility of partially renouncing the power held by the superpowers. For it, a brief historical review is presented below, where chaos is identified as the common denominator. Chaos is understood as the systemic susceptibility to possible disturbances that lead to a reordering of the international system, or at least, an attempt to achieve it. The above, using some theoretical approaches from International Relations, in order to make final reflections, which propose how the incidence of chaos can be reduced in favor of order.
Utilization of new technologies in the creation of sustainable food systems to ensure global food security
At present, one of the most serious problems afflicting international society is the climate crisis and the imminent lack of food, which has an impact on the socio-economic sphere given the exorbitant rise in prices that limits people’s access to the basic basket, violating their right to a decent life and adequate food. In this regard, the 2030 Agenda addresses these issues through various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are interrelated, such as SDGs 1, 2, 6, 12, 13 and 15. The health crisis caused by COVID-19 also exacerbated the obstacles to food security, especially in the most vulnerable areas, which are also being severely affected by extreme weather events that harm the primary economic sector from which vulnerable communities subsist. In response to this, the international community has undertaken several initiatives focused on eradicating or reducing food insecurity and promoting adequate nutrition. However, in the face of a technological era, it is necessary to incorporate new technologies in the creation of sustainable food systems that guarantee global food security.
The Nationalisms: Rise and Impacts on International Relations
Identity is a component of nationalism because the human being seeks social cohesion among its members, and by forming a conglomerate of individuals these create a national feeling composed of a language, culture, traditions, symbols, among others. The birth of nationalism, in the second period of the eighteenth century, began to manifest itself through symbols and national anthems to promote the patriotism that emerged in revolutionary France; Nationalism then infected the national minorities of the time to deposit their sovereignty with a nation-state that will harbor their shared identity and protect the national values and culture that distinguishes them from the rest. Nationalism would be placed on the ideological plane and, through the different scales, will be present in the history of International Relations in different key periods and years, where nationalism had imperialist characteristics, radicals, Marxists and an identity crisis due to the phenomenon of neoliberalism from 1989 to 2020, where the new period entitled "The Resurgence of Nationalism" that, in the face of the health crisis of the COVID-19, revived the conservative and populist nationalist tendency, which exposes its disgust with globalization, multilateralism, the 2030 Agenda and democratic values, clarifying through the whole body of the article together with the final reflections on what factors have stimulated nationalism throughout history? And is nationalism a recurring factor in global military conflicts and does it tend to manifest in cycles?
The Central American Integration: Institutional Balances and Political Navigation in the Last 30 Years from a Neo-Institutional Perspective
The article analyzes the search for a cognitive framework of the Central American integration process from the perspective of institutional change, in this sense, a review is made of: (i) the analytical background, (ii) the internal and external tensions in the conceptualization of the Central American Integration System (SICA), (iii) the coexistence between intergovernmentalism and supranationality in SICA, (iv) the induced institutional balances, (v) regional integration as the construction of a moral community based on trust; and by way of conclusion: (vi) the pilgrimage of institutional change in the Central American integration project.
Impact of the monetary emission and debt policies of 21st-century populist regimes on international financial risk management indicators: The Case of Chavismo-Venezuela
After the victory of Hugo Chávez Frías in 1999, Venezuela was facing a progressive economic crisis inherited from previous governments, but which was notably accelerated by the policies promoted by the Chavista government. In the face of inflationary problems, monetary policy took a leading role through a series of monetary experiments that contributed to the deterioration of international financial risk management indicators, which reacted at the same pace as the monetary reconversions and other measures that dented international confidence. This decline in confidence would lead to a vicious circle effect, in which the crisis led to new government measures, which reduced confidence and, therefore, increased the crisis.
Digital International Interaction: Towards a New Theory on International Relations
This paper discusses the concept of new diplomacy and its relationship to smart power, arguing that soft power is just as important as hard power in international politics. The paper explores the emergence of geotechnology as a new variable in international relations, referring to the competition between countries to control and gain influence in areas of technological importance. Additionally, the paper highlights a theoretical gap in the study of international relations regarding cyberspace and the new realities imposed by technology. It discusses the role of technology in shaping a new framework for international relations, leading to increased complexity, interconnection, and interdependence. The paper argues that states must adapt to the logic of performance in the international environment and that technological progress has led to radical changes in the elements and balances of power. The researcher aims to present a new theory in international relations that analyzes the influence of digital technology and social media on shaping international relations and rearranging actors and factors. This theory suggests that these technological advancements have significant impacts on international policy directions, as well as political and economic decision-making.
international digital interaction theory
Presentation - Vol. 6 (2024) Special Edition
Just as the first special edition of the Revista Relaciones Internacionales was constituted as a response to a practical research process that encompassed the registration of multiple initiatives, this second special edition continues to share practical experience and the application of methodologies for managing, monitoring, and evaluating development projects.
This special edition corresponding to the sixth volume of Revista Relaciones Internacionales reflects the sustained effort and unquestionable quality of the specialization in Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability, and Learning (MEAL). The research presented here not only attests to the talent and dedication of our students but also represents a significant contribution to the field of development and international cooperation. With each article, with each project, and with each new edition of the specialization, we reaffirm our commitment to quality education and to creating a positive and lasting impact in El Salvador.
Migration policies in America: migration and forced displacement, human rights, human security and violence
Historically, Latin American countries have been expellers of migrants, in the 21st century there is an exponential increase due to problems that nations share, such as insecurity, poverty, inflation, unemployment, megaprojects, climate change and natural disasters; violence perpetrated by drug trafficking cartels, gangs, criminal groups and transnational organized crime; political violence caused by dictatorships such as those of Nicaragua, Venezuela and Cuba, these elements cause the forced displacement of Venezuelans, Cubans and Nicaraguans. Added to this are the contingents of migrants who occupy the American continent as a route towards the American dream and who come from other regions of the world: Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. These phenomena are presented in greater depth in the current humanitarian and human security crisis on the northern and southern borders of Mexico and the Darién jungle on the border between Panama and Colombia. Therefore, the article aims to analyze some regional migration policies in America and the actions that each country in question implements to contain the migratory flows that transit the continent and deport migrants in masse. Examines mechanisms to prevent entry. These containment policies have a militarized nuance that forces migrants to seek more dangerous routes to reach their destinations; on these long journeys, many find death. The article is the result of a qualitative investigation that articulates empirical data to theoretical-conceptual analysis, for this academic articles, reports, conventions and documents prepared by international organizations were reviewed, in such a way that the main findings are aimed at proposing that migration policies contemporary movements in America do not seek to solve the problems that cause migration and forced displacement, on the contrary, they worsen internal factors by violating migrants and violating their human rights.
Challenges of project monitoring in the management of data from digital platforms and social networks and their influence on entrepreneurship in El Salvador
In a world of constant changes and transformations, events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the development of digital platforms have directly influenced the economic processes of the population, directly affecting entrepreneurs and companies, as well as the ways of monitoring projects. This article aims to study the influence of digital platforms and social networks in the development of entrepreneurship in El Salvador, reflecting the challenges of the MEAL team (Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability, and Learning in Project Management) in monitoring processes. To this end, a qualitative research has been conducted, using intentional snowball sampling, identifying entrepreneurs with presence in digital channels within the Salvadoran territory, accompanied by the analysis of the most used platforms and networks, and the study of the monitoring of projects in this new social context. After the pandemic, many people took entrepreneurship as an alternative source of income, relying on digital platforms; currently 63% of entrepreneurs are only present on digital channels such as Facebook, Shopify and OLX, and 45% of them consider themselves entirely dependent on these platforms. This transformation has posed challenges for project monitoring in terms of managing data from different digital platforms and social networks, limiting its scope and analysis. Therefore, the development of various existing digital platforms has transformed the way of buying and selling, facilitating the work of entrepreneurs by offering multiple tools and automated data; due to the constant changes in the new digitized environment, project monitoring processes must be adjusted to provide comprehensive studies.
From theory to practice: how project evaluation can influence the fulfillment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Understanding the importance of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) globally entails recognizing the interrelation of social, economic, and environmental issues, and how they manifest in the various individual contexts of each state, thus highlighting the significance of addressing the SDGs as part of the guiding frameworks for development projects seeking to tackle these challenges. This research presents considerations that must be considered to identify an evaluative process for projects aimed at measuring their outcomes in accordance with the contribution to the SDGs, focusing on their targets and indicators. Additionally, it analyzes the importance of different types of evaluation and the challenges faced in their design. One of the most significant findings involves the perspectives addressed by the United Nations in El Salvador and various experts in data and project outcome monitoring. The relevance of evaluation in achieving the SDGs and enhancing project effectiveness contributes to promoting improved evaluation practices within them, enabling more effective addressing and urging participants to actively engage in more robust evaluations aligned with the 2030 Agenda.
Analysis of STEM careers with a gender approach from the USAID-HEA Project in El Salvador
This academic article focuses on analyzing the USAID Project: "Higher Education for Economic Growth" (HEA), implemented from 2014 to 2019. Specifically, it will focus on component two, named: "Enhanced Relevance and Quality of Curricula and Research", where one of its objectives was the updating and creation of new careers in the study programs of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to meet the needs of the industry as an important part of improving the country's economy and innovation. In these educational improvements, STEM careers (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) play a predominant role, as they constitute the starting point for the training of future professionals who will be involved in the Salvadoran industry's workforce. Since STEM careers are predominantly studied by men, the project's provision of indicators related to the gender mainstreaming axis was investigated, aiming for significant incorporation of women in these careers using quantitative methods, with statistical data from the Ministry of Education and those provided by the project. Additionally, scholarships granted to both men and women were considered to determine if this contributed to the increased inclusion of women in STEM careers and if gender parity existed in the results obtained through the grants.
Strengthening social impact: application of an influence MEAL system in non-governmental organizations
The organizations that implement programs or projects seek to generate transformations in the development of the territories where they intervene through influencing the holders of obligations, responsibilities, and rights. In this regard, the application of a Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability and Learning (MEAL) system plays a key role as it allows organizations to monitor, evaluate and strengthen the impact they seek to achieve in each project they implement. For the elaboration of this article, a qualitative methodology was applied based on an exhaustive documentary review of search engines, NGO manuals, websites, articles, theses, among others, in order to determine the importance of the implementation of a MEAL system of influence, establishing a comparison with the traditional MEAL, identifying the main differences, advantages and challenges. As a result, although traditional systems have been widely adopted by most organizations in the world, the incorporation of an influence MEAL system in organizations for their programs, projects and social actions represents an extremely valuable alternative to apply in their strategic plans and to promote strategies that are sustainable over time and that generate impact and incidence in civil society.
Accountability as a mechanism for transparency, sustainability and legitimacy: case study "FUSAL"
This article focuses on a case study that analyses how the Fundación Salvadoreña para la Salud y el Desarrollo Humano (FUSAL) implements actions aimed at disseminating information on its various development interventions, and how these practices provide it with essential characteristics that guarantee its permanence in Salvadoran society, that is, transparency, sustainability in financial terms, and legitimacy. For this purpose, qualitative research has been carried out, with a descriptive scope, in which the semi-structured interview instrument was applied at both the individual and focus group levels, where the interviewees met a series of criteria for their selection. Likewise, the process of documentary review on the subject enriched not only the content of the study, but also contributed to the elaboration of the data collection instrument. The findings show that its different accountability mechanisms, ranging from auditing processes to reporting, have allowed it to develop a deep-rooted culture of accountability in which it is constantly working to strengthen its institutional capacity, giving it the credibility to receive various sources of funding, based on its capacity for transparency, which in turn gives it financial sustainability and legitimacy. It is clear that for an adequate accountability process to exist, organisations must provide information in three directions on the activities within the framework of their interventions, as doing so places them in the national and international limelight as agents of change that govern their actions based on transparency and good practices.
The open knowledge and the use of wikis in the learning processes of development-promoting organizations in El Salvador
This academic article seeks to promote and encourage the use of open knowledge and wikis in development-promoting organizations in El Salvador to highlight best practices and findings in the learning processes of social development projects. To this end, through a case study, Appropedia, considered the sustainability wiki, is presented as an alternative that is being used by national and international development organizations in the learning phase of their social projects. Through semi-structured interviews with four organizations (two national and two international), information has been gathered describing the learning process followed by these organizations and how the wiki has served as an effective collaborative tool to disseminate the findings and best practices of their social projects for development. In this way, it is expected that the results will serve as an incentive for more development-promoting organizations in El Salvador to make use of these easily accessible technological tools, allowing for less exclusive learning processes and open knowledge that can be useful for other development-promoting organizations at the national and international levels.
Good practices in organizational learning applied by the Government of El Salvador in the field of institutional development and planning
This article develops the main findings in the field of governmental development project planning based on a case analysis related to the fourth section of MEAL concerning learning. The main objective is to contrast the tools and best practices that the institution conducts and applies in each planning stage of the development projects executed within a specific area. Three semi-structured interviews were conducted at each hierarchical level of the governmental institution, which participate in each phase and coordinate the strategic and operational planning of the Ministry; likewise, a literature search was conducted to reinforce the theory of the concepts and triangulate the data obtained. The results show that within the institution, they use other tools, techniques, and methods to develop projects in each of their phases and achieve the proposed objectives; however, it is also important to highlight the applied concepts related to the fourth section of MEAL regarding learning, best practices, and strategic direction within a governmental entity. The incorporation of organizational learning in the management of projects and development programs within the public institution is intrinsically related to the specific phases of MEAL in the application of the different methodologies studied since the concepts related to learning are applied in this particular scientific research, so its practical use is concluded in the present case study.
The study of International Relations has as a minimum requirement the capacity to renew knowledge that, victims of international dynamism, ends up yielding to the disruptive ideas, concepts and realities that modify the scenario at great speed. In this sense, it should not be strange that the tendency of the academy should point towards those issues that, in one way or another, reorient the priorities of the international agenda according to the multiple advances (and setbacks) with respect to traditional paradigms. In this sense, a broad and multidimensional analysis is more than necessary to adequately assess a reality that is constantly changing. Each of the articles in this volume reflects a deep commitment to the understanding of global issues and the search for solutions based on knowledge and research.
Copyright (c) 2023 Revista Relaciones Internacionales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Preliminary notes for a definition of politics and political science
The use of the term politics is very popular in the everyday lexicon, it appears in hallway conversations, in national and international news, as well as in multiple spheres of daily life; likewise, it is present in academic conversations, for example, in university hallways, in congresses, even in talks that are apparently unrelated to politics. This proves that the term is commonly used, and its meanings vary according to the context in which it is mentioned. The present study accounts for the polarity of the term politics, associating it mainly with an activity, which is studied by a discipline with a view to scientificity: political science. The exploration of the term inevitably leads to the not easy task of defining what politics is, which in turn leads to the unraveling of other relevant factors, such as the dimensions of politics, the relations with other disciplines and the social relevance of such activity. The work aims to give a better understanding of the term, knowing that it is commonly used in the most everyday occasions. For this purpose, a review of different texts on political science is made, many of which make a historical exploration of the term and try to explain the origin of the activity and of the science that studies it, thus making it possible to consider different definitions of politics as an activity and of political science as a discipline that studies politics.
The evolution of diplomatic communication: its transformation over time and the new ""ciber diplomacy"
The history of mankind has led to the creation of different sciences and disciplines to study one's own social behavior; with the settlement of nomads and the beginning of the first primitive communities, the first antecedents of diplomacy were born. With the birth of the States, relations were established with each other to guarantee alliances, avoid conflicts and promote trade. Knowing and giving importance to the historical path that diplomacy has taken and the communication that the actors have had is fundamental to adapt to the new changes in the new globalized system of the 21st century. The international phenomena that have emerged throughout the world have brought with them new forms of communication in diplomacy, from the abolition of secret diplomacy with the League of Nations, to new methods recently discovered such as cyber diplomacy that was born thanks to the state needs that the post COVID world has faced.