Salud Integral
type: channel
description: The Revista Salud Integral (Comprehensive Health Journal) of the University of El Salvador (UES) was first published on August 19, 2023 (Vol. 1, No. 1). Since then, it has been available to the scientific community, academia, and doctoral students in medicine and health sciences at the Faculty of Medicine. It is also available to professionals from other disciplines at national and foreign institutions, promoting a policy of open and free access to readers. ISSN-L: 3005-5946 Online ISSN: 3005-5954 Print ISSN: 3005-5946
publisher: Universidad de El Salvador
language: es
publication name: Salud Integral
issn: 3005-5946
items: Presentation Vol. 3 Issue 3. Revista Salud Integral
items: PERCEPTION AND MEANING OF A WOMAN LIVING WITH HIV, SAN SALVADOR, EL SALVADOR
items: Editorial letter
items: Presentation
items: ASYMPTOMATIC LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION: THE SILENT RISK WE SHOULD NOT IGNORE.
items: Effect of mutual support groups on the salutogenesis of metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at an urban health center in Chiapas, Mexico
items: Interventions of Nursing staff in the care of an adult patient in the process of weaning from Invasive Mechanical Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit.
items: Access and quality of palliative care in El Salvador
items: Malnutrition prevalence among children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD) in special education schools in San Miguel district, El Salvador
items: Characterisation of the behaviour of prostate cancer and its risk factors.
items: Level of knowledge of comprehensive general practitioners in Colombia about human nutrition
items: Educational intervention for the prevention of alcoholism in teenagers
items: Risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular damage in hypertensive and diabetic patients
items: Presentation Volume 2, Issue 2
items: Theoretical foundation of therapeutic physical activity in women in the climacteric
items: Characterization of pregnancy in adolescents at the Francisco Caamaño Deño polyclinic
items: Behavior of alcoholism in adolescents
items: Describe the attitude and coping of nursing staff when griefing patients who deceased in the Critical Care Unit.
items: Nursing diagnoses applied to patients with hypovolemic shock due to postpartum hemorrhage
items: Relationship between workload and burnout syndrome among ICU nursing staff using the NAS scale
items: State of the Art in Patient Care Through Generative Artificial Intelligence by nurses
items: LUMBAR SCOLIOSIS: EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF A BIOMECHANICAL DISORDER IN A MEDICAL CLINIC IN AREQUIPA
items: Knowledge and application of body mechanics of nursing staff in ICUS
items: Epidemiological behavior of COVID-19 in teachers and administrators of the University of El Salvador, March 2020 – 2022
items: Editorial Letter
items: Construcción de entornos mediados por tecnologías para el proceso de aprendizaje en la educación superior: una mirada desde la docencia
items: The Heberprot's Application P in the ulcer of the Diabetic Foot
items: Actions aimed at increasing the level of satisfaction and quality of life of the elderly in the municipality of Colombia.

Presentation Vol. 3 Issue 3. Revista Salud Integral
type: item
subject: Presentation
  topic: section
creator: Editorial Board
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-03
publication date: 2025-11-03
starting page: 1
ending page: 8

PERCEPTION AND MEANING OF A WOMAN LIVING WITH HIV, SAN SALVADOR, EL SALVADOR
type: item
description: Social stigma and discrimination are just two of the effects produced as a result of the damage to health caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The key person in this research, Julissa, is a 46-year-old woman from the municipality of Ilopango, El Salvador, who was diagnosed with HIV eleven years ago. The sociocultural construction of the experience of living with HIV in women was analyzed, examining the psychosocial, symbolic, and relational factors that shape this experience. Symbolic interactionism was adopted as the theoretical-methodological framework, prioritizing the study of social interactions mediated by symbolic systems (meanings, roles, and shared narratives). This approach allowed us to interpret the discursive and behavioral practices of the participant (Julissa) as products of symbolic negotiations, as well as to examine the influence of her contextual support networks: family environment (spouse), patient association, and interpersonal bond (Luciana). Under the qualitative paradigm, the subjective dimensions of the experience were reconstructed through the situated analysis of socialization environments and the identification of patterns of symbolic interaction in microcontexts. Among the key findings, the strong support and understanding provided by her husband stand out. In Julissa's case, a phenomenon of self-stigmatization can be observed: the fear of discrimination due to her psychological condition, leading her to refrain from informing both her daughter and other family members about her diagnosis. This situation highlights the urgent need for psychological intervention to address possible emotional repercussions.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Self-stigmatization
  topic: keywords
subject: symbolic interactionism
  topic: keywords
subject: HIV
  topic: keywords
subject: support groups
  topic: keywords
subject: social environments
  topic: keywords
creator: Yanira Elizabeth Cerón Cerón
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-03
publication date: 2025-11-03
starting page: 31
ending page: 45

Editorial letter
type: item
description: Editorial letter
subject: Editorial letter
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 5
ending page: 5

Presentation
type: item
subject: Presentation
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 7

ASYMPTOMATIC LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION: THE SILENT RISK WE SHOULD NOT IGNORE.
type: item
description: Background: Asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction (ALVD), characterized by a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF <40%) without heart failure symptoms, is classified as stage B in the ACC/AHA guidelines. Increased echocardiography use has led to more frequent ALVD detection. This high-risk condition can progress to symptomatic heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias, hospitalization, and sudden death. Methods: This review, conducted in Medellín, Colombia, between April and June 2025, proposes a practical, evidence-based clinical decision-making approach for ALVD patients to prevent major cardiovascular complications. Our analysis incorporated key clinical trials (SOLVD Prevention, DAPA-HF, and PARADIGM-HF) and international clinical practice guidelines from leading cardiology societies, focusing on the effectiveness of early pharmacological interventions and diagnostic/clinical follow-up strategies. Results: The available evidence supports early intervention in ADI through the use of ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, drugs that reduce progression to symptomatic heart failure and improve survival. A five-step diagnostic-therapeutic algorithm was designed that includes: Diagnostic confirmation of LVHF, Etiological identification (ischemic, cardiomyopathies, toxic, infiltrative, or inflammatory), Initiation of evidence-based pharmacological treatment, Arrhythmic risk assessment and sudden death stratification, Periodic clinical and echocardiographic follow-up. In conclusion, AFVD represents a high-risk entity that requires an active approach even in the absence of symptoms. The implementation of early diagnostic and therapeutic strategies improves prognosis, prevents major cardiovascular events, and optimizes healthcare resources. In this context, proactive management of DVIA is not only a cost-effective cardiovascular prevention strategy but also an ethica…
subject: Documentary Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Ventricular function
  topic: keywords
subject: Ejection fraction
  topic: keywords
subject: Heart failure
  topic: keywords
creator: Jorge Andrés Hernández Navas
creator: Luis Andrés Dulcey Sarmiento
creator: Juan Sebastián Therán León
creator: Jaime Alberto Gómez Ayala
creator: Jaime Andrés Gómez González
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-03
publication date: 2025-11-03
starting page: 47
ending page: 51

Editorial letter
type: item
subject: Presentation
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-11
publication date: 2025-06-11

Presentation
type: item
subject: Presentation
  topic: section
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-11
publication date: 2025-06-11

Effect of mutual support groups on the salutogenesis of metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at an urban health center in Chiapas, Mexico
type: item
description: Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease considered a public health problem in several countries. Metabolic control in these patients prevents the development of complications. Forming mutual support groups (MSGs) can aid in this control. Objective: To evaluate the effect of the Mutual Support Group (MSG) on the salutogenesis of metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated at an Urban Health Center in Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico. Method: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study conducted with patients with T2DM. Results: The sample consisted of 185 patients with T2DM. Attendance at the MAGs was 38.91% of the total, with 61.08% not attending. The age group most affected was between 45 and 59 years old. Patients with controlled fasting blood glucose levels accounted for 26.4% of the total, with 37.2% maintaining glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels <7%. Patients with uncontrolled fasting blood glucose levels accounted for 73.5%, with 62.7% having HbA1c levels >7%. Conclusions: There are anti-salutogenic factors that work against health promotion, namely: It is mainly women who do not attend the GAM, as well as the 45-49 age group, and they are also those who are pre-obese, with uncontrolled blood glucose and very high glycosylated hemoglobin, but normal cholesterol levels.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: GAM
  topic: keywords
subject: T2DM
  topic: keywords
subject: Glycemic control
  topic: keywords
subject: Impact
  topic: keywords
creator: Néstor Rodolfo García Chong
creator: Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Feliciano
creator: Carlos Gómez Díaz
creator: Hilda María Jimenez Acevedo
creator: Margarita Yvon Valdéz Morales
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-03
publication date: 2025-11-03
starting page: 21
ending page: 29

Interventions of Nursing staff in the care of an adult patient in the process of weaning from Invasive Mechanical Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit.
type: item
description: Introduction: Invasive Mechanical Ventilation provides support to respiratory function until the total or partial reversal of the underlying cause of respiratory dysfunction. Its fundamental pillars include: improving gas exchange; preventing lung injury; and reducing the work of breathing. Objective: To identify the nursing interventions involved in the care of adult patients undergoing the weaning process from Invasive Mechanical Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit. Methodology: The research was a bibliographic study of a descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional nature, including references from the past ten years, within the publication period from January 2014 to October 2024. The keywords were consulted using MESH and DESC descriptors with their respective connectors. Results: Nursing care during the ventilatory weaning process requires continuous assessment of the patient’s condition, ongoing monitoring including airway management, administration of medication, prevention of infections, and emotional and psychological support. Conclusion: Successful weaning involves comprehensive and multidisciplinary care. In this regard, nursing represents a fundamental pillar for the timely detection of changes in the patient's condition, contributing to recovery through the identification of stress factors such as lighting, noise, pain, and discomfort, which are among the most common.
subject: Documentary Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mechanical ventilation
  topic: keywords
subject: primary care nursing
  topic: keywords
subject: critical care
  topic: keywords
subject: tracheal extubation
  topic: keywords
creator: Mario Antonio Fernández Pichinte
creator: Maura Carolina Solis de Najera
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 89
ending page: 103
doi: 10.5281/

Access and quality of palliative care in El Salvador
type: item
description: Introduction: From the creation of the Divina Providencia Hospital in 1950, which was intended to care for patients at the cancer institute who had difficulty traveling and receiving care, until 1999, when the importance of pain and suffering in patients with terminal illnesses was recognized; finally, in 2002, El Salvador implemented palliative care regulations, with the aim of improving the quality of care for patients and their families. Objective: To inform health authorities that dignified care improves the quality of life of terminally ill patients. Methodology: 30 studies were reviewed, selected by the degree of relevance and content, 2 in English, 1 Portuguese and 27 in Spanish published from 2019 to 2024, Discussion: Currently, MINSAL and ISSS have the program with regular monitoring, through home visits, where medical care and management of supplies and medications are provided. Conclusion: Palliative care is essential to improve the quality of life, comfort and dignity of people, so it must be an ethical responsibility of the health system to alleviate the pain and suffering of patients who suffer from it with the support of a multidisciplinary team. Results: MINSAL, ISSS. They have a palliative care program, however, it is necessary to inform first-level health personnel so that they are familiar with the care of terminal patients.
subject: Documentary Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Palliative care
  topic: keywords
subject: terminally ill patients
  topic: keywords
subject: adult
  topic: keywords
subject: multidisciplinary team
  topic: keywords
creator: Gabriela Vanessa Pineda Molina
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-11
publication date: 2025-06-11
starting page: 21
ending page: 28

Malnutrition prevalence among children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD) in special education schools in San Miguel district, El Salvador
type: item
description: This study analyzed statistical results derived from anthropometric measurements and nutritional status evaluations of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) who attended public Special Education Schools (SES) in San Miguel, El Salvador, during the period from July to September 2024. The general objective was to: Identify the factors associated with the prevalence of malnutrition in children with ASD. Using a descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional design with a qualitative approach, factors influencing the dietary habits and health status of children with ASD, aged 5 to 10 years, were explored. Key findings include Sensory alterations and gastrointestinal disorders that affect food acceptance. Behavioral issues related to eating. Specific difficulties include food selectivity, dietary monotony, refusal of foods prepared outside the family environment, and behaviors such as pica. The study revealed that, out of a total of 25 children evaluated, 36% were obese, 20% were overweight, 16% experienced undernutrition or stunted growth, and 24% had a normal nutritional status. In conclusion, these results indicate that malnutrition in children with ASD is a public health problem in El Salvador, with a prevalence of 60 cases of overnutrition and 16 cases of undernutrition per 100 children. These findings underscore the urgent need to implement specific interventions and comprehensive strategies to improve the nutritional health of this vulnerable population.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Autism spectrum disorder
  topic: keywords
subject: education special
  topic: keywords
subject: Body mass index
  topic: keywords
subject: nutritional status
  topic: keywords
subject: child health
  topic: keywords
creator: Jose Rogelio Cisneros Santin
creator: José Giovanni García Bolaños
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-03
publication date: 2025-11-03
starting page: 9
ending page: 20

Characterisation of the behaviour of prostate cancer and its risk factors.
type: item
description: The prostate is a glandular organ of the genitourinary system, exclusive to men, shaped like a chestnut, located in front of the rectum, below and at the exit of the urinary bladder. Prostate cancer develops in one of the glandular organs of the male reproductive system called the prostate. Objective: to characterise the behaviour of prostate cancer and the most frequent risk factors in the municipality of Colombia during the period from January 2018 to December 2019. Method: a descriptive study was conducted to analyse the behaviour of this disease in the municipality. Results and Discussion: the most significant risk factors were age and the patient's origin, though occupation, exposure to radiation, and smoking habits were also mentioned as influential in the development of the disease. The highest incidence group was aged 71 to 90. The most frequent symptoms were nocturia, dysuria, dribbling, and, to a lesser extent, haematuria. It is recommended to carry out active screening in the at-risk population, particularly in those over 45 years of age, individuals exposed to radiation, those with toxic habits or poor dietary habits, as well as to integrate the basic healthcare team in the early detection of symptoms, also training the relatives of patients with these risk factors. In the study, obesity and prostatic hyperplasia were the most frequent associated conditions. No statistically significant correlation was found in patient positivity during the analysed period. Conclusion: the most frequent symptoms were nocturia, dysuria, and dribbling, while obesity and prostatic hyperplasia stood out as associated conditions.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: risk factors
  topic: keywords
subject: cancer
  topic: keywords
subject: prostate
  topic: keywords
subject: obesity
  topic: keywords
subject: hyperplasia
  topic: keywords
creator: Idalberto Delgado Monteagudo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-11
publication date: 2025-06-11
starting page: 41
ending page: 45

Level of knowledge of comprehensive general practitioners in Colombia about human nutrition
type: item
description: Human nutrition is an essential instrument when carrying out health interventions; this requires professionals with an adequate level of knowledge on this subject. Objective: To characterize the levels of knowledge about human nutrition that specialists and residents in comprehensive general medicine have. Method: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in the municipality of Colombia, in the period between September 2022 and February 2023. The sample was made up of 162 professionals, to whom a questionnaire structured in five topics was applied. .The percentage analysis of the results was carried out. Results: 56.2% demonstrated knowledge at medium and high levels, the rest showed significant insufficiencies (71 professionals). Due to the type of question, 49.4% (80 professionals) revealed difficulties in different aspects that constitute generalities of human nutrition. In contrast, 62.3% demonstrated medium and high levels of knowledge about the use of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of diseases. By topic, the deficiencies focused on: General aspects and Food, with 51.2 and 58.7%, respectively. Conclusions: Among the professionals included in the study, there was a slight predominance of those with medium and high levels of knowledge about human nutrition. The greatest cognitive deficiencies were in relating nutrients to food and in general aspects of nutrition, which must be kept in mind when promoting healthy lifestyles.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Human nutrition
  topic: keywords
subject: nutritional therapy
  topic: keywords
subject: level of knowledge
  topic: keywords
creator: Reiner Rodríguez Monteagudo
creator: Alexandra Cristina Esperanza Martínez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-11
publication date: 2025-06-11
starting page: 35
ending page: 39

Educational intervention for the prevention of alcoholism in teenagers
type: item
description: Alcoholism in adolescence is a major health problem. Objective: To raise knowledge about alcoholism in adolescents in office 3 of the Mario Muñoz Monroy polyclinic. Method: A quasi-experimental community intervention study was carried out. The universe were 56 teenagers. Sociodemographic and biomedical variables were studied. Information was obtained from the survey conducted. The Chi Square and Odds Ratio tests were used. Results: 66.1 % of adolescents consumed alcoholic beverages and 46.4 % began consumption between 16 and 18 years of age. A predominance of alcohol consumption was observed at the secondary educational level, representing 50.0 %. The level of knowledge about Alcoholism before the Educational Intervention was applied in all age groups was inadequate, representing 92.9 %, while after the Intervention was applied, adequate knowledge predominated. It was observed that before the Intervention, 73.2 % had inadequate knowledge. After the Intervention was applied, only 8.9% maintained inadequate knowledge. Before the Intervention, 94.4 % of adolescents had an inadequate level of knowledge. After the Intervention was applied, 98.2 % had adequate knowledge. It was observed that 57.1 % of adolescents before the Intervention had inadequate knowledge. After the Intervention was applied, knowledge was adequate in 96.4 %. It was observed that before the Intervention, 60.7 % had inadequate knowledge about Alcoholism, which was modified after the Intervention, where only 1.8 % maintained inadequate knowledge. Conclusions: Once the Educational Intervention was applied, the patients reached an adequate level of knowledge, so it was feasible and effective.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Alcoholism in adolescence
  topic: keywords
subject: risk factors
  topic: keywords
subject: complications
  topic: keywords
subject: educational intervention
  topic: keywords
creator: Ramón Antonio Ibarra Regalón
creator: Ana Evelyn Chávez Mata
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-11
publication date: 2025-06-11
starting page: 29
ending page: 33

Risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular damage in hypertensive and diabetic patients
type: item
description: Introduction: the risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular damage in patients with chronic diseases of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus are frequent in the population, and they have a risk of presenting cardiovascular damage in a period of 10 years; This can be high or low and depending on the risk, the hearts strategy is applied as an intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk. Objective: to describe the risk factors that are associated with cardiovascular damage in diabetic and hypertensive patients; as well as the importance of implementing the Hearts strategy and mentioning the recommendations for reducing cardiovascular risk in these patients. Method: a systematic search for descriptive research was carried out; through a search of databases such as PubMed, lilacs, google academic, Scielo. The source of information was obtained through articles with important and relevant information; covering publications between the years 2020 to 2024. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used. Key words were used for the search strategy such as: hypertensive patients, adult diabetics, and risk factors. The selection process was initially 50 articles in English and Spanish of which summaries and full texts were reviewed to select 20 articles, 7 in English and 13 in Spanish. Discussion: In the analysis carried out in the selected articles, there is an increasing prevalence of risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular damage such as smoking, sedentary lifestyle, dyslipidemia, hypertension and uncontrolled diabetes, stress, alcoholism, obesity, with the aim of reducing cardiovascular risk. in a period of 10 years. Results: in the 20 articles reviewed, 50% were found to talk about cardiovascular risk factors, of which we found that 80% are about obesity and smoking, 70% are due to dyslipidemia, 50% are due to alcohol intake, 30% diabetes and uncontrolled hypertension and stress, 40% is sedentary and 10% is age and sex; The findings highlight the importance …
subject: Documentary Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Cardiovascular risk
  topic: keywords
subject: hearts strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: hypertension
  topic: keywords
subject: diabetes
  topic: keywords
creator: Silvia Veronica Rodriguez Zepeda
creator: Génesis Alejandra Recinos Escobar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-11
publication date: 2025-06-11
starting page: 9
ending page: 19

Presentation Volume 2, Issue 2
type: item
description: Presentation Volume 2, Issue 2
subject: Presentation
  topic: section
subject: Presentation
  topic: keywords
creator: Editorial Board Revista Salud Integral
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.5281/

Theoretical foundation of therapeutic physical activity in women in the climacteric
type: item
description: The topic under investigation addresses a current problem related to the quality of life of women in the climacteric, where psycho-physiological symptoms and signs appear that impact their health and an increase in chronic non-communicable diseases, in which, Therapeutic physical activity is a fundamental tool to maintain good physical and mental health. Its relevance is a topic addressed by the Scientific Advisory Council of the Inder and Health of the Colombia municipality, with the intention of reducing morbidity and mortality due to conditions that are triggered. Therefore, a theoretical foundation is made that addresses the therapeutic physical activity of women in the climacteric stage and its importance in reducing diseases and thus improving their physical conditions, aesthetic appearance and quality of life.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Woman in the climacteric
  topic: keywords
subject: therapeutic physical activity
  topic: keywords
creator: Iliana Teresa Cantero Ramos
creator: Niurka Pérez Quezada
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 33
ending page: 37

Characterization of pregnancy in adolescents at the Francisco Caamaño Deño polyclinic
type: item
description: Pregnancy in adolescence is linked to low birth weight, premature birth, poor nutrition, increased maternal and child pathology, dystocic birth, loss of breastfeeding, unwanted children, mental retardation, congenital malformations, child abuse, and also with the increase in instrumental abortion and suicide. Objective: to characterize pregnancy in adolescence in the health area of ​​the "Francisco Caamaño Deño" polyclinic, in the municipality of Colombia, province of Las Tunas, Cuba; during the years 2022 and 2023. Method: A descriptive retrospective study was carried out, where the sample consisted of 130 pregnant adolescents. The data were collected from the records of the municipal genetics and statistics consultation and the variables used were: age groups, those that contributed serious morbidity, deaths and low weight, as well as interruptions of pregnancies due to congenital malformations. Descriptive statistics were used for data processing. Results: adolescents represented 14.36 % of the total number of pregnant women registered in the two years of the study, with a higher incidence in 2013, constituting a health problem in the territory. The 15 to 18 age group had the greatest contribution, with 90 % of the cases, which contributed 20.89 % of low weight newborns, 18.18 % of deaths, 30.76 % of children under one year of age with serious conditions and 34% of congenital malformations that were interrupted. Conclusions: the incidence of pregnancy in adolescence was high, being more significant in late adolescence, affecting infant morbidity and mortality each year.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Adolescence
  topic: keywords
subject: pregnancy
  topic: keywords
subject: morbidity
  topic: keywords
creator: Reiner Rodríguez Monteagudo
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 29
ending page: 32
doi: 10.5281/

Behavior of alcoholism in adolescents
type: item
description: Alcohol is the most consumed drug in the world. Many young people have their first contact with it between the ages of 12 and 17. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted; the population consisted of 972 students from the Ignacio Agramonte Urban Pre-university Institute and the sample of 317 students selected through stratified probability sampling. with the Objective: to describe the behavior of alcoholism in the adolescents of the institute in the period from September 2017 to January 2018. Results: the average age was 16.13 with a standard deviation of 0.88. It was shown that 65.9 % of students consumed alcoholic beverages; the average starting age was 13.45 years with a standard deviation of 3.03; 85.6 % consumed with low frequency; 61.2 % had reached drunkenness at least once; 88.3 % knew about the harmful effects of alcohol and 75.1 % did not smoke. Conclusions: in the study, the female sex predominated, as well as the ages between 16 and 17 years old, the group that consumes alcoholic beverages, with an early onset age, and those who know about the harmful effect that alcohol produces in the body. Of the group that consumes alcoholic beverages those that consumed with a low frequency and in group predominated, as well as those that have reached the state of drunkenness, at least once; the consumption of alcoholic beverages is associated with smoking.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Adolescence
  topic: keywords
subject: alcoholism
  topic: keywords
subject: consumption of alcohol
  topic: keywords
creator: Carlos Miguel Morera Ramírez
creator: Reiner Rodríguez Monteagudo
creator: Ramón Antonio Ibarra Regalón
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 23
ending page: 28

Describe the attitude and coping of nursing staff when griefing patients who deceased in the Critical Care Unit.
type: item
description: Introduction: in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), where life and death constantly intersect, nursing staff face significant emotional burdens. Patient loss can trigger feelings of helplessness, guilt, and even compassion fatigue, underscoring the need for specialised training in bereavement and palliative care. This study analyses, based on scientific evidence, nursing staff’s attitudes towards these situations. Objective: to describe the attitudes of nursing staff when coping with grief following patient deaths in the ICU. Method: a narrative systematic review was conducted using the PICO strategy. Searches were performed in PubMed, EBSCO, Google Scholar, and SciELO, employing the keywords: "attitude," "death," "nursing staff" (English) and "actitud," "muerte," "personal de enfermería" (Spanish). Articles published between 2019 and 2024 were included. External validation applied the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and CASPe (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) criteria. Results and Discussion: post-mortem support from healthcare staff is limited, exacerbating compassion fatigue. Professionals emphasise the need for a multidisciplinary team to provide emotional support to both staff and bereaved families. Furthermore, the absence of institutional protocols worsens emotional stress and unprocessed grief. Conclusions: promoting a mental health culture among professionals reduces the stigma associated with grief. Comprehensive strategies—such as palliative care training and psychological support—improve grief management in ICUs. In clinical practice, it is equally critical to implement institutional policies safeguarding the emotional well-being of staff and families.
subject: Documentary Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Attitude
  topic: keywords
subject: death
  topic: keywords
subject: nursing
  topic: keywords
creator: Zoila de Jesús Cortez
creator: Beatriz Adriana Rivera Andrade
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 81
ending page: 88

Nursing diagnoses applied to patients with hypovolemic shock due to postpartum hemorrhage
type: item
description: Introduction: postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), defined as blood loss of 500 ml or more within the first 24 hours postpartum accompanied by signs of shock, remains a leading cause of maternal mortality. The 'code red' protocol is a key strategy employed by healthcare teams to reduce these rates. As nursing staff play an active role in its management, their interventions must be timely, evidence-based, and aligned with the Nursing Care Process (NCP), which includes assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation. Objective: to identify the primary nursing diagnoses in patients with hypovolaemic shock due to PPH. Methodology: A non-systematic narrative literature review was conducted using Google Scholar, PubMed, SciELO and Dialnet databases. Selected documents met inclusion criteria as studies published between 2014-2024 in Spanish or English, including scientific articles, review articles and case studies. Results and Discussion: the most frequent nursing diagnosis was 'Deficient Fluid Volume' (NANDA-I: *00027*), prioritised in most reviewed cases. The need for NCP-based protocols to optimise nursing team response was highlighted. Conclusion: the 'Deficient Fluid Volume' diagnosis is crucial in the initial management of PPH-induced hypovolaemic shock. Its systematic application alongside associated diagnoses improves clinical outcomes. Continuous NCP training and implementation of standardised clinical guidelines are recommended.
subject: Documentary Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Nursing diagnosis
  topic: keywords
subject: hypovolemic shock
  topic: keywords
subject: postpartum hemorrhage
  topic: keywords
creator: Ruth Yamileth Martínez Cruz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 69
ending page: 79

Relationship between workload and burnout syndrome among ICU nursing staff using the NAS scale
type: item
description: Introduction: Burnout syndrome among nursing staff in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) represents a growing concern due to high workload demands and the physical, emotional, and cognitive challenges of the environment. Objective: to understand the validity and usefulness of the Nursing Activities Score (NAS), as well as its impact on the working conditions of nursing staff and the quality of care provided in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Methodology: a search was conducted for articles published in English and Spanish in the PubMed database, the scientific journal Scielo, among others. Sociodemographic questionnaires applied to nursing professionals were analyzed, in addition to the NAS scale to measure workload and Burnout through the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Results and Discussion: Burnout syndrome is a state of physical, emotional, mental exhaustion and depersonalization; caused by prolonged exposure to stressful situations in the work environment. Conclusions: Organisational policies should be strengthened through implementation of psychological support strategies and adequate staffing levels to reduce burnout risk and improve quality of patient care.
subject: Documentary Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Psychological exhaustion
  topic: keywords
subject: nursing
  topic: keywords
subject: professional burnout
  topic: keywords
subject: intensive care unit
  topic: keywords
creator: Alberto de Jesús Guzmán García
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 57
ending page: 68

State of the Art in Patient Care Through Generative Artificial Intelligence by nurses
type: item
description: Introduction: the humanized care that nursing staff provides to patients is crucial to safeguard their integrity and support their recovery and reintegration into society, both in hospital and outpatient settings. In the new digital era, nursing staff has not been an exception in having to adapt to new ways of working, simultaneously maintaining patient care while incorporating artificial intelligence (AI). As a result, different areas of nursing have adapted to medical care equipment programmed with artificial intelligence (AI). Objective: to analyze how nursing care is managed with the incorporation of artificial intelligence, emphasizing social, labor and ethical aspects. Methodology: a documentary review was conducted using the following databases: Web of Science (WoS), PubMed (Medline) and Scopus, selected for their wide scope and high quality in academic production. With a qualitative approach, using the PRISMA methodology for the analysis of various documentary sources, this study aims to understand the topic of research. Results and Discussion: the use of AI by nursing staff in patient care is revolutionizing the delivery of care, optimizing processes, improving the quality of care, and enabling more accurate diagnoses in less time. Conclusions: the use of artificial intelligence has transformed nursing care by optimizing processes, personalizing treatment approaches, and enhancing patient care. These technological tools are valuable resources, but it is essential to recognize that they serve only as aids, with the patient remaining the central focus of nursing care.
subject: Documentary Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Patients and Chatbot
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence in critical care
  topic: keywords
subject: patient assistance
  topic: keywords
creator: Melissa Marisol Montes Castaneda
creator: Flor de María Castro Rodríguez-Gallo
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 45
ending page: 56

LUMBAR SCOLIOSIS: EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT OF A BIOMECHANICAL DISORDER IN A MEDICAL CLINIC IN AREQUIPA
type: item
description: Lumbar scoliosis is a biomechanical condition that, although in some cases it can be congenital, is also directly associated with degenerative postural factors. This disorder not only affects spinal alignment but can also trigger chronic pain, functional limitations, occupational and social problems, and even disability, depending on its complexity. The purpose of this case was to describe the management and evolution of a patient with lumbar scoliosis treated in Peru. The case presented was that of a 35-year-old woman who came to the doctor's office complaining of severe lower back pain and restricted movement in her daily activities. The physical examination revealed tension, increased muscle tone, and restricted movement, which are consistent with findings compatible with mechanical low back pain and postural abnormalities. A comprehensive physiotherapy treatment was implemented, including various techniques such as thermotherapy, electrotherapy, massage therapy, and kinesiotherapy. The main focus is on muscle stretching to correct spinal deformities and, in turn, generate postural re-education, all aimed at improving spinal stability and correcting associated deformities. The patient showed favorable clinical progress, with pain relief and improved mobility, highlighting the importance of personalized physical therapy treatment. This case demonstrates the need for a multidisciplinary physical therapy approach, where muscle stretching and strengthening are the cornerstones of an adequate quality of life for patients with lumbar scoliosis.
subject: Clinical Case
  topic: section
subject: Scoliosis
  topic: keywords
subject: lumbar rotation
  topic: keywords
subject: lumbosacral spondylosis
  topic: keywords
subject: low back pain
  topic: keywords
creator: Edwin Michel Vera Mendoza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-03
publication date: 2025-11-03
starting page: 53
ending page: 59

Knowledge and application of body mechanics of nursing staff in ICUS
type: item
description: Introduction: the proper use of body mechanics is crucial for preventing musculoskeletal injuries among nursing staff working in intensive care units (ICUs). These areas represent particularly challenging work environments due to the physical demands of critical patient care. This article reviews existing literature on ICU nurses' knowledge and application of body mechanics. Objective: to identify the main barriers and consequences of incorrect body mechanics usage. The results highlight the need for ongoing training and implementation strategies to promote good practice in hospital settings. Methodology: this study is based on a literature review of scientific articles, books and reports related to body mechanics and its implementation in intensive care environments. A search was conducted in databases including PubMed, Scopus and CINAHL, selecting studies published between 2010 and 2023. Discussion: the reviewed articles demonstrate that while over 70 % of nursing staff have basic knowledge of body mechanics, only approximately 50 % apply it correctly. The most common repercussion is lower back pain, which features prominently across studies as a primary complication of improper technique. Conclusions: the review reveals a significant gap between knowledge and practical application of body mechanics among ICU nursing staff. Key identified barriers include excessive workload, inadequate equipment, and the urgent nature of clinical situations.
subject: Documentary Review Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sick leave
  topic: keywords
subject: physical ergonomics
  topic: keywords
subject: critical care nursing
  topic: keywords
subject: occupational health
  topic: keywords
subject: posture
  topic: keywords
creator: karina Paola Hernández Sánchez
creator: Julia Griselda López Montoya
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-07-30
publication date: 2025-07-30
starting page: 39
ending page: 43

Epidemiological behavior of COVID-19 in teachers and administrators of the University of El Salvador, March 2020 – 2022
type: item
description: COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was declared a global pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020, and subsequently began to accelerate its spread in America. Objective: To characterize the epidemiological behavior of COVID-19 in teachers and administrators of the University of El Salvador Faculty of Medicine in March 2020 to 2022. Methodology: A quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive approach was used; Since a description of the epidemiological behavior of the COVID-19 disease in the teaching and administrative staff of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of El Salvador was made, the information was collected through a questionnaire in Google forms sent to emails institutional and subsequently the data obtained were downloaded into a Microsoft Excel matrix for processing, classification and analysis. Results: People who suffer from blood pressure and other comorbidities reported having suffered from COVID-19 during the period from March 2020 to March 2022; of which 63 are female and 27 are male. Of the 90 respondents who fell ill, 74 are teachers and 16 are administrators, also detecting that people with blood group O positive and A positive were more affected, where the most relevant symptoms and signs that occurred were fever with or without chills, headache, odynophagia, fatigue, anosmia/ageusia and cough. The incidence rate was 60 per-100 habitants who tested positive for COVID19, with females being the most affected.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: COVID-19
  topic: keywords
subject: comorbidity
  topic: keywords
subject: university professors
  topic: keywords
subject: signs and symptoms
  topic: keywords
subject: long COVID
  topic: keywords
creator: Kattya Elizabeth Cienfuegos de Fuentes
creator: Laura Guadalupe Chacón González
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-31
publication date: 2024-12-31
starting page: 15
ending page: 21

Editorial Letter
type: item
subject: Presentation
  topic: section
creator: Eduardo Joaquín Alemañy Pérez
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 4
ending page: 4

Construcción de entornos mediados por tecnologías para el proceso de aprendizaje en la educación superior: una mirada desde la docencia
type: item
description: To carry out an analysis that allows for a technical and scientific discussion of the elements that contribute to the formation of this new educational scenario in which information and communication technologies play an important role, and to make technical and academic revaluations so that the active and proactive agents of the university society clearly assume the challenges posed by virtual learning environments and the commitment they have so that they guarantee the academic quality of students, without misgivings and finally move from the information society to the knowledge society. Without denying the importance of the past and without resisting the value of the present and the beauty of the future.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Technology-mediated environments
  topic: keywords
subject: learning process
  topic: keywords
subject: higher education
  topic: keywords
creator: José Miguel Esperanza Amaya
creator: josé Alberto Rosabal Rod´ríguez
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 39
ending page: 50

The Heberprot's Application P in the ulcer of the Diabetic Foot
type: item
description: With the purpose of knowing the impact of the application of recombinant epidermal growth factor in a formulation called Heberprot-P on diabetic foot ulcer due to the high incidence of these patients dispensed in the Cure Clinic, a descriptive observational investigation was carried out. In 143 patients who attended the Consultation for presenting the diagnosis of Diabetic Foot, belonging to the health area of ​​the “Francisco Caamaño Deño” Polyclinic, municipality of Colombia, Las Tunas from January 2023 to December 2023, the female sex predominated with 79 cases. the age group of 60 and over was the most, overweight and obesity according to the nutritional category of BMI and the risk factors with the highest incidence were a history of ulcers and diabetic neuropathy, followed by anatomical deformities. The response to the therapeutic scheme and the degree of satisfaction with the application of the treatment were 97.9% satisfactory.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Application of Heberprot-P in diabetic foot ulcers
  topic: keywords
creator: Iliana Teresa Cantero Ramos
creator: Ramón Antonio Ibarra Regalón
creator: Idalberto Delgado Monteagudo
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 13
ending page: 18

Actions aimed at increasing the level of satisfaction and quality of life of the elderly in the municipality of Colombia.
type: item
description: Colombia accomplished a study of intervention, of analytical character and longitudinal court at the municipality itself, in the provinces Prickly Pears, during the period understood from December 2013 to Mayo of 2015. The universe of study was constituted by the 9241 older people of 60 years. Actions addressed to accomplished incrementing the level of satisfaction and the quality of life of the older adult at the municipality of Colombia themselves. For the realization of the same they had in account a series of parameters that which enabled the realization made suitable of the study, the ones that are represented for criteria of inclusion, criteria of exclusion, criteria of exit, operacionalization of the variables, technique and procedure and statistical analysis they dosed themselves following a chronogram of planned activities. It turned out well with the actions than 49,76 control his chronic affections, the family functioning got modified in 37.2 %, the participation in the recreational activities grew upon the 70,68 % self-esteem and the sentiment of utility in the 67,62 %. Which implies bigger satisfaction with its person with a positive repercussion in quality and hope of life of our long-lived.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Intervention study
  topic: keywords
subject: quality of life
  topic: keywords
subject: Old man
  topic: keywords
creator: Carlos Miguel Morera Ramirez
creator: Iliana Teresa Cantero Ramos
creator: Ramón Antonio Ibarra Regalón
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Salud Integral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 25
ending page: 31