The Importance of a Balanced Diet Starting at Birth for Cattle in Tropical Systems in Guatemala: Implications for Dual-Purpose and Specialized Dairy Systems

Abstract

During the transition period, which encompasses approximately three weeks before and after calving, cow nutrition plays a fundamental role in productive and reproductive performance. During this stage, the animal 
faces a major challenge: adapting to the new demands of lactation, which increases its nutritional requirements. In Guatemala, many producers operate under dual-purpose production systems, which account for 49% 
of the national cattle herd and combine milk and meat production as a means of sustaining herd profitability. These systems depend largely on grazing tropical grasses. However, during the dry season, the availability 
and quality of these pastures decrease considerably, reducing energy and protein intake. Consequently, recently calved cows may experience negative energy balance, delaying recovery, impairing fertility, and 
reducing milk production. On the other hand, problems may also arise in more specialized dairy systems, where balanced feeds are used and management is more closely controlled, if diets are not properly adjusted. 
Conditions such as ketosis, hypocalcemia, retained placenta, and metritis are frequent risks during this stage. Therefore, implementing appropriate 
feeding strategies is essential, including the use of energy and protein supplements, proper mineral supplementation, and ensuring continuous 
access to clean water. These practices help improve cow health, promote recovery after calving, and contribute to greater productive and reproductive efficiency of the herd.