Risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular damage in hypertensive and diabetic patients

Abstract

Introduction: the risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular damage in patients with chronic diseases of arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus are frequent in the population, and they have a risk of presenting cardiovascular damage in a period of 10 years; This can be high or low and depending on the risk, the hearts strategy is applied as an intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk. Objective: to describe the risk factors that are associated with cardiovascular damage in diabetic and hypertensive patients; as well as the importance of implementing the Hearts strategy and mentioning the recommendations for reducing cardiovascular risk in these patients. Method: a systematic search for descriptive research was carried out; through a search of databases such as PubMed, lilacs, google academic, Scielo. The source of information was obtained through articles with important and relevant information; covering publications between the years 2020 to 2024. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used. Key words were used for the search strategy such as: hypertensive patients, adult diabetics, and risk factors. The selection process was initially 50 articles in English and Spanish of which summaries and full texts were reviewed to select 20 articles, 7 in English and 13 in Spanish. Discussion: In the analysis carried out in the selected articles, there is an increasing prevalence of risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular damage such as smoking, sedentary lifestyle, dyslipidemia, hypertension and uncontrolled diabetes, stress, alcoholism, obesity, with the aim of reducing cardiovascular risk. in a period of 10 years. Results: in the 20 articles reviewed, 50% were found to talk about cardiovascular risk factors, of which we found that 80% are about obesity and smoking, 70% are due to dyslipidemia, 50% are due to alcohol intake, 30% diabetes and uncontrolled hypertension and stress, 40% is sedentary and 10% is age and sex; The findings highlight the importance of addressing these factors from a comprehensive approach where it is necessary to adapt preventive strategies. Conclusions: the documentary review carried out shows that the risk factors that lead diabetic and hypertensive patients to cardiovascular damage in a period of 10 years with a sedentary lifestyle, an unbalanced diet, excessive consumption of alcohol and tobacco, dyslipidemia, as well as the predisposition of genetics and age. The proposal made by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) on the Hearts strategy seeks to reduce cardiovascular risk, thereby avoiding premature deaths from chronic non-communicable diseases and reducing the expense for the health system that invests in complications.